5.1 Explain the Different Types of Bullying and the Potential Effects on Children and Young People.

There are various types of bullying but all of them implicate an imbalance of power between the bully and the victim, which is normally intentional and harmful with a tendency of being repetitive (Olweus, 1993). According to Dodge and Coie (1987) a bully is someone that performs a repetitive proactive aggression action towards someone without being provoked.

The ratio of frequent bullying reported internationally ranges from a low of 1.9% among 1 Irish sample to a high of 19% in a Malta study.
(Nansel, et al., 2001)

Bullying behaviour comes in various forms, it can be direct and evident like hitting and name-calling or more indirect or subtle like spreading rumours and social exclusion.   The following is a list of types of bullying which a child can be subject to:

1. Verbal bullying
2. Physical bullying
3. Emotional bullying
4. Cyber bullying
5. Bias bullying
6. Social Alienation bullying
7. Accidental bulling

Verbal bullying
Such bullying is related to mocking, threating, name-calling, making offensive remarks, or joking about a person on the basis of religion, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or the way they look. Everyone might believe that physical bullying is the most type of bullying that causes harm to children; however, verbal bullying might be just as harmful.   With verbal bullying the objective of the bully is to degrade and diminish the victim while making himself/herself feel powerful, dominant and in control.  
Normally this type of bullying is hard to identify because the bullies usually refrain from verbally attacking the victim in the presence of an adult (Smokowski & Kopasz, 2005).  

Example of verbal bullying with regards to teasing: a group of children making fun of child A because he could not run as fast as everyone else. Or else with the use of threats: where the bully tells child B to give him his pencil otherwise he will kick him.
Verbal abuse is the most common form of bullying for both sexes (Nansel, et...

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14. United Aluminum Company of Cincinnati produces three grades (high, medium, and low) of aluminum at two mills. Each mill has a different production capacity (in tons per day) for each grade, as follows:

Mill

 

Aluminum

Grade

1

2

High

6

2

Medium

2

2

Low

4

10

The company has contracted with a manufacturing firm to supply at least 12 tons of high-grade aluminum, 8 tons of medium-grade aluminum, and 5 tons of low grade aluminum. It costs United $6000 per day to operate mill 1 and $7000 per day to operate mill 2. The company wants to know the number of days to operate each mill in order to meet the contract at the minimum cost.

Formulate a linear programming model for this problem.

16. Solve the linear programming model formulated in Problem 14 for United Aluminum Company by using the computer.

a. Identify and explain the shadow prices for each of the aluminum grade contract requirements.

b. Identify the sensitivity ranges for the objective function coefficients and the constraint quantity values.

c. Would the solution values change if the contract requirements for high-grade aluminum were increased for 12 tons to 20 tons? If yes what would the new solutions values be?

22. Solve the linear programming model developed below for the Burger Doodle restaurant by using the computer.

Biscuit

Labor (hr)

Sausage (lb)

Ham (lb)

Flour (lb)

Sausage

0.01

0.1

-

0.04

Ham

0.024

-

0.15

0.04

a. Identify and explain the shadow prices for each of the resource constraints.

b. Which of the resources constraints profit the most?

c. Identify the sensitivity ranges for the profit of a sausage biscuit and the amount of sausage available. Explain these sensitivity ranges.