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"In a Grove" is an early modernist short story consisting of seven varying accounts of the murder of a samurai, Kanazawa no Takehiro, whose corpse has been found in a bamboo forest near Kyoto. Each section simultaneously clarifies and obfuscates what the reader knows about the murder, eventually creating a complex and contradictory vision of events that brings into question humanity's ability or willingness to perceive and transmit objective truth.

The story is often praised as being among the greatest in Japanese literature.

The story opens with the account of a woodcutter who has found a man's body in the woods. The woodcutter reports that man died of a single sword stroke to the chest, and that the trampled leaves around the body showed there had been a violent struggle, but otherwise lacked any significant evidence as to what actually happened. There were no weapons nearby, and no horses—only a single piece of rope, a comb and a lot of blood.
The next account is delivered by a traveling Buddhist priest. He says that he met the man, who was accompanied by a woman on horseback, on the road, around noon the day before the murder. The man was carrying a sword, a bow and a black quiver. All of these, along with the woman's horse, a tall, short-maned palomino, were missing when the woodcutter discovered the body.
The next person to testify is a homen, a released prisoner working under contract to the police, similar to a bounty hunter). He has captured an infamous criminal named Tajomaru. Tajomaru was injured when thrown from a horse (a tall, short-maned palomino), and he was carrying a bow and a black quiver, which did not belong in his usual arsenal. This proves, he says, that Tajomaru was the perpetrator. Tajomaru was not carrying the dead man's sword, however.
The next testimony is from an old woman, who identifies herself as the mother of the missing girl. Her daughter is a beautiful, strong-willed 19-year-old named Masago, married to Kanazawa no...

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English Essay: The Catcher in The Rye.

In the novel “The Catcher in the Rye” J.D Salinger uses a variety of symbols such as the red hunting hat that Holden wears. The hunting hat sums up the message of the novel very well, Holden despise what he calls “phonies” when he himself is one.

Holden Caulfield wore this red hunting hat to stand out of s group and look different. That was Holden’s main psychological condition; he called people phonies for conforming with the rest of society to so call “fit in”. Holden really hated these people and called them out throughout the novel. The red hunting hat made Holden believe he was different, like he stood out from a crowd and wasn’t conforming like everyone else.

The red hunting hat had great significance to this novel and to Holden because it gives him a fake sense of being different in society, which is what he wants; to be different to not be a phoney. The hat develops Holden’s character as a hypocrite. The fat makes him feel like he’s someone else, not himself, which in his definition that means he is a phoney, hence why he is hypocritical.

If Holden didn’t wear his red hunting hat he feared he would lose his identity as being different. Holden just wanted to be different than everyone else, just like in society some people have clothes they wear that make them feel different or better than other people, to Holden this was his hat. Nobody else wore a red hunting hat around a city, he wanted to be different and stand out. To Holden the hat symbolized something very powerful to him, he always tried to be different and now with his hat he is, an accomplishment of some sort, one of his prized possessions.

In conclusion, Holden Caulfield is a very psychological complex character in the novel, who has an obsession with being different. He buys a red hunting hat he said “just for the hell of it” that he wears in public so he won’t look like a “phoney” in his eyes, to not conform to...

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Methodology Is To Describe The Research Procedure Marketing Essay

Research methodology overall includes the research design, data collection method and analysis procedure which are used to explore the insight information from the research problem.

Research methodology helps in carrying out the project report in by analysing the various research findings collected through the data collection methods.

Research design is an important and the vital part of the research. Research design is a comprehensive master plan specifying the procedure for collecting and analyzing the needed information. Research design provides an excellent framework for the research plan of action. The function of the research design is to ensure that the required data is in accordance; research design is a blue print for the research study, which guides research in collecting and analyzing the data.

Here in the project I have used two type of research design.

1. Exploratory Research Design

2. Conclusive Research Design

Exploratory research design helps the researcher in getting the insight information from the research problem. Generally all the marketing research is done with help of this design as it provides sharp focus of the problem under research. Exploratory research lays emphasis on the discovering of ideas and possible insight to get the information needed to carry out the research. This has been used in the research design for project under study.

Conclusive research design is the design, which helps the researcher in studying the research problem in the conclusive form; this helps the researcher in choosing the possible cause of action from various alternatives to make a rational design. Hence this type of research has being used in this research project.

The success of any project or market survey depends heavily on the data collection and analysis. It is necessary that the data collected is a reliable data in order to achieve the research objective. All data sources can be classified into two:

Primary Data

Secondary Data

Primary data is the data, which are fresh and collected for the first time, and are original in character. There are various Primary Data Collection techniques, which have helped in data gathering.

Secondary data are those data, which have been already collected or published for the purpose other than specific research need at hand. This data is simply used up by the researcher for his purpose of collected data and it’s used for the same purpose. The secondary data sources here in this project are:

Websites

Books

The retail store is the place where customers take a decision on the purchase of the products offered by the retailer. The store also influences the perception that customers form in their minds about the store, the products services and staff. Therefore from management’s point of view, operations of the store are a major element of costs. Therefore store becomes a critical asset of the retail business and it is imperative that the operations are managed well to achieve and sustain customer satisfaction and be cost effective.

Managing store operations for a retail business is a challenging task. It requires integration among various functions within the store. When all the functions are performed in an integrated manner then only the store can run smoothly achieving full customer satisfaction.

The retail store becomes of prime importance to the retail organisation, for basically two reasons.

Retail store is the primary source for revenue for the retailer.

It is the point where the customer actually interacts with the retail store and its offering.

The primary responsibility within the environment of a retail store lies with the Store Manager.

Each and every process taking place in the store is defined in the Store Operations Manual. This document lists the tasks which need to be carried out at the store level; it states the responsibility and the time period in which these tasks need to be carried out. This document serves as a guide to efficient store operations.

The task in the store can be broadly classified into following:

Store Administration and Management of the Premises;

Managing Inventory and display;

Managing Receipts;

Customer Service; and

Managing Promotion, Events, Alliances and Partnerships.

Figure: Tasks to be performed at the Store Level

As seen in the figure we can easily observe that each and every task is revolving around Customer Service as it is always at centre stage. Every task is aimed at providing customer an experience which leads to customer delight which is the only way Reliance Fresh can stay ahead of its competitors and still run profitably.

After receiving a service the customer evaluates post purchase and three possible outcomes are:

Actual performance matches expectation, leads to satisfaction.

Performance exceeds expectation and the consumer is Delighted and here customer is excited and does repeat purchases and involves himself into mouth to mouth publicity for the Store. Hence such customers are valuable assets to the company. And the store should always try to gain delighted customers by their unmatchable service. This can help store achieve all its objectives.

Performance below expectations is the situation where customer gets unsatisfied and resorts to negative publicity of the store. This situation has to be avoided at all cost. This can do a very damaging impact on the store image and it becomes a very tough job to get back such a customer.

Managing the operations of a retail store starts by determining how the tasks pertaining to the premises are to be performed.

Now here we can understand how even minute things matter even managing our own premises can contribute heavily towards customer satisfaction.

Some of the tasks which include in management of premises are:

Business hour duration: This is a very crucial decision to be taken by the management which is decided on the basis of target customers. Here the convenience for customer is given due importance. In case of Reliance Fresh being a convenience store located at residential areas where customers start visiting the store as early as 7.00 am. The office going people can come and shop at that time for their daily needs after their morning walk. The same can be the case in the evening when customer wants to shop after their office hours.

Providing flexibility to the opening and closing timings leads to customer convenience and which can help contribute towards reaching customer satisfaction and delight.

Judicial use of Air Conditioners: Air Conditioner provides a congenial environment where we want our customers to stay and spend more time in the store.

This is done basically for two reasons:

Providing customers an experience and comfort while shopping which will definitely help achieve satisfaction.

As the customer spends more time in the store it will definitely have a positive impact on ticket size which means more revenue and profit.

But while using A.C. judicial use is talked as we know that we have to function under certain constraints where we have to minimize the costs also. During lean hours (1.00 P.M to 4.00 P.M) there is no need to run A.C on full capacity and during rush hour (after 6.00 P.M) A.C can be run on full capacity.

Therefore by following the above the store maintains a delicate balance while trying to achieve Customer Delight and escalating costs and hence satisfying both conditions.

Store Layout: The store layout should be planned in such a manner that customer finds enough space for movement. The layout should be in such a systematic manner that customer can easily locate products he/she wants to purchase. At Reliance Fresh a very impressive layout has been put in place where customer easily finds what he wants.

HOME FURNISHING

PROCESSED FOOD

NON-FOOD (Personal Care)

DAIRY

PLASTIC WARES

PROCESSED FOODS

PROCESSED FOOD

STAPLES

PERSONAL CARE

FOOD & BEVERAGES

FRUITS & VEGETABLES

VEGETABLES

BEVERAGES/DAIRY

Customer Service

TILL

STAPLES

MOBILES

PROCESSED FOOD

EXIT

Store Administration deals with various aspects like the cleanliness of the store premises, maintenance of the store façade and display, etc. Apart from these it is also responsible for utilizing the store personnel effectively.

Tasks involved in Store Administration which can contribute towards achieving customer delight:

Floor Maintenance: The premises of the store need to be maintained as per standards decided upon by the management.

Floor cleanliness and merchandise arrangement play a very crucial role in creating an image of store in the minds of the target customers. This is crucial when customer tries to evaluate several stores and matches the pricing of products offered with the services provided by the store.

Therefore when a customer tries to compare Reliance Fresh with Fair Price store, Fair Price fails terribly as Reliance Fresh has specially emphasized on its services apart from pricing strategy.

At Fair Price the products are scattered on the floor and customers are also not attended to the level Reliance Fresh does. Hence providing products at cheaper price is not the only factor which customer considers from where to buy.

But Reliance Fresh is using a combination which definitely making it lead is that it is providing all services a convenience store can provide but at better price which is leading to Customer Satisfaction and Delight.

At Reliance Fresh very impressive initiative was taken to maintain its overall store floor maintenance in the name of “Operation Shine” where days were systematically assigned for a particular task and at end of it store performance was evaluated for each store which lead to store maintained and cleaned which gave a very good signal to its customers for its uncompromising take on floor maintenance.

Manpower Planning: The next most important thing that a customer looks after entering the store is how Customer Care Associates (CCA) attend to them, how well a CCA and other staff members at the front end are dressed, educated and competent enough to respond to their queries.

Manpower Planning may include certain functions like:

Shift Planning: A roster is maintained at a Reliance Fresh Store in which the store manager plans and assigns optimum staff to each shift also considering weekdays and weekends.

This is done basically on the basis of footfalls of customer at a particular time. Hence providing for more staff during evening hours when footfalls are high.

The Store Manager also has to intelligently assign work to his staff members according to footfalls as he can assign routine work to supervisor and CCAs at lean hour of the day for work like stock take (Physical Inventory, Stock Indenting etc). He has to push his staff towards attending customers at rush hours ask them to drive sales through their efforts. This helps Reliance Fresh to not only increase sales but gain Customer Satisfaction and Delight.

In charge: For every task in the store a staff member is made incharge of that task so that no confusion is there on the floor and in the store as a whole.

Various tasks like opening of store, indenting of F & V and milk, GRN, stock correction etc. is assigned among supervisors shift wise.

CCAs are assigned bays and responsibility given to them regarding their bay regarding maintenance of Planogram, FIFO, FEFO, proper stacking etc. By doing the above the store can manage display efficiently and ensure the service of the store to an optimal level.

MSRs are assigned to regularly make announcements of schemes offered by the store as it is very crucial as communication helps consumer make decision and push sales. This apart from the task of acting as a member of customer service desk and solving any customer complaints.

The task of allocating the merchandise to the various stores rests with the category manager. At the store the staff manages this inventory. Each and every process is documented at the store level.

Responsibilities with respect to merchandise at the store level involves receiving and inwarding the goods. Once the merchandise is received at the store, the quantity and other details are tallied with the documents accompanying the goods, to detect any discrepancies.

Hand Held Terminal is used at Reliance Fresh stores to directly scan and do the GRN for the products received.

After receiving the goods the real play starts where an MBQ (Maximum Bin Quantity / Maximum display Quantity) is maintained which signifies the maximum quantity the store has to maintain of a particular product. It is done so that optimum level of inventory is maintained so as to optimize cost of holding a product. There is a limitation of the store that excess stock can be put as the space in the store is quiet costly and maximum space has to be utilized for purpose of displaying product to sell.

Excess stock means blocking of valuable resources like money, leads to wastage due to breakage, shrinkage etc leading to direct losses to the company.

A Target Stock quantity is set for each SKU and as it is a reorder level in the MBQ when the Auto Replenishment System automatically indents for the particular product and the product hence is sent by the distribution centre (DC).

This is most critical process as it helps prevent shortages in the store which can lead to customer dissatisfaction and even unwanted excess stock is avoided which spoils the display of store with products lying on the floor.

Hence it is clear that even proper inventory management leads to proper customer satisfaction.

Some important processes followed by Reliance Fresh in inventory management helping them reach optimality in inventory levels and customer satisfaction is:

Physical Verification of Stock: Under this process stocks are physically verified and entered into the SAP. This activity is known as Stock Take.

Any variation with the book stock is recorded. This helps the store to control its shrinkage if the SKUs are physically lesser than the book stock. Similarly excess stock if any is also recorded.

The implication of these variations on planogram display is such that in case of Negative variation i.e. Physical Stock < Book Stock then it leads to shortages of that SKU as Auto Replenishment fails to function as inspite of stock in realty should have triggered the Target Stock but will not as the system shows that there is more stock (Book Stock). This causes great inconvenience to the customers like if a customer comes to purchase a product of daily requirement like Spices and he is not getting it regularly due to such a discrepancy he will definitely get unsatisfied and the store loses sale of that SKU due shortage inspite of demand.

And in case of Positive variation i.e. Physical Stock > Book Stock it creates a different kind of problem where excess stock is sent by the DC and it becomes difficult to manage it as it have to remain scattered all over the floor waiting for the stocks on the bay to get cleared. This also gives negative impression about the store as an ill managed store where products are scattered and there is problem in free movement. This should also be avoided.

Proper recording of Dump and Shrinkage: To maintain proper MBQ it is very important to regularly update dump and shrinkage. This has to be done apart from Stock take which is done once a month or as and when asked by the management.

Push Indenting of Promo article for a particular scheme: During an offer on a product a sudden spurt in demand can be seen which is quite temporary in nature. There it is not advisable to change MBQ as it is more permanent in nature. In case of upward revision of MBQ the product will be delivered in increased quantity even after removal of promo offer. There a temporary increase in indenting is done called Push Indenting. Hence after withdrawal of the scheme the product is delivered on the normal basis.

Revision of MBQ: There is also a process of revising MBQ in case there is a regular increase in demand and the store is maintaining lower MBQ meaning regular shortages. There an upward revision is done.

In case of slow moving goods which the store manger feels is a drag on store performance and is just blocking space he can request for revising the MBQ to lower levels or removing it from the shelf altogether. The product has to be sent back to DC.

DSD Indenting: Direct Store Delivery (DSD) Indenting is done for very fast moving goods like beverages, highly perishable goods like ice-creams and also glass items which highly fragile in nature.

On the part of consumer it helps him to receive products fresh in case of perishables leading to maintainability of high quality standards.

On part of management it reduces cost of holding such perishable and fragile products as the store will receive from the vendor only products which are saleable and meet standards.

Markdown Process: It is process where store manager is authorized to reduce price of saleable quantity F&V, Bakery products or products which are nearing expiry and are expected to become dump if proper step of reducing price is not done.

The objective of this process is to reduce dump at store level and also sell non moving stock of such products.

A very integral part of managing inventory at store level is display it correctly. The best merchandise may remain unsold if it not displayed in a manner that is appealing and convenient for the customer. A very simple example can be illustrated like if rice packets are put on high bays it will become very inconvenient for which mostly female customer do the buying, hence would negatively impact sales.

Display can be considered as a silent salesperson helping to self sell the products. Display is such a critical part in serving customers as it helps avoid confusion and guides customer to make prompt decision.

Various methods are employed to impressively display products are:

Planogram (POG): A planogram is a diagram created from photographs, computer output that illustrates how exactly where every SKU should be placed. It is a visually appealing; represent the manner in which consumer shops (or the manner in which the retailer wants his customer to shop).

End Caps: They are used to display promotional items which helps customer to easily identify schemes and offers on products.

Shelf Edge Labels (SEL): SELs are used to display the prices of the products. At Reliance Fresh, Hand Held Terminal (HHT) is used to give commands for the purpose of printing updated SELs. This makes it quite convenient for the CCAs to promptly change the SELs. A portal is there in place through which the print command is accepted and prints given.

Shelf Talkers: These are used to display promotional schemes on a visually attractive format.

Managing receipts involves defining the manner in which the retailer is going to receive payments for the sales.

At Reliance Fresh the payment is received in the following forms:

Cash

Credit / Debit Card

Sodexho

Accor

All the responsibilities pertaining to Cash management is on Commercial & Accounts (C&A).

The prime responsibility of C&A is Till Management.

He has to ensure proper and smooth running of Tills.

He maintains changes and float cash (Rs.1500) in the till.

He has to ensure that there is no long queues while bill, if at all there is he has to open another till. Almost every CCA is trained to run the billing which is done on Retailix software.

It is a known fact customers are reluctant to shop on places with long queues. There Queue Management is a very important as proper customer service is concerned and helps toward customer satisfaction

The customer service policy adopted by Reliance Fresh is quite impressive and definitely helping it to achieve customer satisfaction and delight.

The customer service policy is put into practice by the store staff primarily by the MSR and then Supervisor on the floor.

This policy doesn’t begin and end at the customer service counter in the retail store. Every staff member is advised to ensure that the customer, who comes in contact with him/her, is comfortable and has a pleasant shopping experience.

An important aspect which affects a customer’s perception of the retail store is the experience that he has while billing the products purchased by him. While a customer may spend hours choosing the product that he like waiting for a long time of payment. Long queues result in disgruntled customers. Reliance Fresh Store operations is geared to handle such a situation. It has provided proper training to each staff to handle cash counters.

Several important steps have been taken by Reliance Fresh to serve its customers better:

Customer Greeting: Every staff member has been asked to make eye to eye contact with customers and greet them on first contact in the store.

PR & Rapport: Staff members are advised to make good personal relations with its customers and make a good rapport.

Proper Attention & Assistance: In case a customer has any query the staff member in contact is supposed to give proper attention and assist him/her with proper solution.

Enrolling in Loyalty program: MSR is expected to make new member in its loyalty program. It helps company to study the customers changing taste and preferences. It also helps Reliance Fresh to regularly communicate to its customers on latest promotions.

On the part of customer feels alighted for being a part of such a program where he is given due attention and also offered loyalty bonus points which can be encashed on a regular basis.

Telecalling: Telecalling is also done from the store by the MSRs to the regular members for informing them about latest promotional offers and schemes.

Home Delivery: This facility has also been introduced to give customers a more customised service.

Scheme Announcements: Regular announcement is done within the store to communicate to its customers about schemes and offers.

Addition of items at store level: Items can be added at the store level if there is a persistent demand of that product. This has to be conveyed to the category team which further does the needful.

Newspaper Insertions: Insertions on weekends about the offers are done to communicate to its customer.

Putting up banners in catchments: Also done to communicate to its customers.

Upselling by Staff members: The staff members’ upsell their products like if a customer has purchased for Rs.700 the staff member communicates about scheme on high value purchase like plate set free on purchase of Rs.999/- which benefits the customer as he/she gets a good offer and as a retailer Reliance Fresh gets an opportunity to increase ticket size as well as win customer loyalty.

Maintenance of Complaint Book: A complaint book has to be maintained at the customer service desk where incase of customer wanting to lodge complaint can do it. This has to be resolved in a specified time.

All of the above plays a major role in creating an atmosphere which leads to a Customer Delight.

Events and promotions are very much a part of the retail marketing scene. In order to enable the success of such an event or a promotion, the store is geared up with prior preparation of such an event.

At Reliance Fresh a KIDS CARNIVAL was organised where blank sheets was given to kids who had to draw painting and submit in a day.

Gifts were distributed to them. This type of events create a bond with its participants and when they are children it becomes more important as we know there importance in decision taken even by their parent.

INTERPRETATION

Percentage

51.72%

3.44%

13.79%

31.03%

Regular Customers were interviewed at Reliance Fresh as they were one who have observed and experienced the services at Reliance Fresh and were in better position to suggest improvement in its Store Operations.

While interviewing it was found that many regular customers were spending more than 50% of their consumption in stores other than Reliance.

INTERPRETATION

Percentage

10%

40%

48%

This signifies the customer profiling on the basis of monthly expenditure.

It shows that most of the customers frequenting the Reliance Fresh Store spend in the range of 5000 – 10000 which may not necessarily be spent at the Reliance store.

INTERPRETATION

Percentage

24.07%

51.85%

24.07%

The above pie chart signifies the preferred schedule of purchase which can help operations plan accordingly.

Most customers prefer weekly purchasing which gives insight to customer behaviour where he/she might prefer offers on weekly basis purchasing.

INTERPRETATION

Percentage

9.61

30.76

21.15

38.46

This is a very important illustration where it shows that only 38.46% of the respondents who are regular visitors of Reliance Fresh Store spend more than 50% in the store.

This shows the scope that Reliance Fresh can how improve on its sales by just giving these customers something better. The revenue can increase manifold by just concentrating on this segment.

INTERPRETATION

Percentage

This signifies that of the total monthly spend on Fruits and Vegetables only 10 % of the people were found to be spending more than 75%.

This area can also be improved significantly.

INTERPRETATION

Percentage

12.76%

31.91%

42.55%

12.76%

This illustrates that most of the respondents view Merchandise as the USP of Reliance Fresh Store followed by Freshness and Quality of Products.

INTERPRETATION

Percentage

30.66%

54.66%

6.66%

Here we come to know that most of the visitors of the store concentrated more on Freshness & Quality of products for purchasing while Better Price followed it.

Reliance Fresh should concentrate on the freshness of fruits and vegetables which is considered as of prime importance by the visiting respondents.

Reliance Fresh has a tremendous potential where it can improve its revenue drastically by concentrating on its existing customer base.

As in the research findings it is very clear that even regular customers are still not spending major part of their monthly expense in the Reliance Fresh Store.

Hence this shows that they are expecting more from Reliance Fresh store and here lies a task where Reliance Fresh can improvise on its services to cater to the requirements of its customers.

Reliance Fresh should improve its operations in its Fruits and Vegetable section as it has been seen that people coming just to buy F&V go ahead and buy other products in the store. F&V is the major footfall driver in the Reliance Fresh Store.

Hence high Standards of Freshness and Quality in the F & V section has to be maintained by the Reliance Fresh Store to keep driving customers.

Reliance Fresh has to improve its Store Operations significantly to match customer expectations as the study indicates that most of the customers viewed Freshness and Quality of products as more important than holding large number of merchandise.

This is the area where Reliance Fresh is struggling to make a mark as customer didn’t find Freshness and Quality as a USP of the store as it is projected by the company.

During the course of study it was found that Queuing problem exists at the billing counters which need immediate attention. This problem can be sorted by improving operational efficiency by way of better managing the staff available at the stores.

The data obtained was mostly restricted to respondents who were regular visitors of Reliance Fresh, Model Town II.

Due to shortage of time the study was restricted.

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Yearly Plan

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Marketing

Wiley Seriu in Probability and Stlltisrics

Applied Logistic Regression
Second Edition
David W Hosmer Stanley Lemeshow

WILEY SERIES fN PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

TEXTS AND REFERENCES SECTION
Established by WALTER A. SHEWHART and SAMUELS. WILKS Editors: Noel A. C. Cressie, Nicholas I. Fisher, lain M Johnstone, J. B. Kadane, David W. Scott, Bernard W. Silverman, Adrian F. M. Smith, Jozef L. Teugels; Vic Barnett, Emeritus, Ralph A. Bradley, Emeritus, J. Stuart Hunter, Emeritus, David G. Kendall, Emeritus A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.

Applied Logistic Regression
Second Edition

DAVID W. HOSMER
University ofMassachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts

STANLEY LEMESHOW
The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York • Chichester • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto

To Trina, Wylie, Tri,

D. W.H.
To Elaine, Jenny, Adina, Steven, S. L.

This text is printed on acid-tree paper. @ Copyright© 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (20 1) 748-6011, fax (20 1) 748-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@ WILEY. COM.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication...

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To What Extent Is Anarchism Seen as a “Utopian Creed”?

Anarchism is often described as a utopian ideology in itself, as it aims to create a “perfect society”. From the outset it is clear that many aspects and factors of the ideology are unrealistic, such as the core values of unrestricted freedom and absolute equality. These two values are diametrically opposed in the sense that in order to absolute equality, individual freedom must be limited and vice versa – this leads to the canceling out of one value in order to fully have the other, leading to a zero sum gain.
An ultra positive and ultra rational view of human nature is also another example of unashamed utopianism. Anarchists believe that authority is not needed as humans have a natural goodness to them, and Anarchism can be seen as “the negation of order” (Sebastien Faure). However it is clear that in reality Conservatisms selfish and irrational view on human nature is more accurate. This can be seen with Anarchism in practice itself – in 20th century Spain in particular. Between 1920 and 1935, Spain saw an example of expropriative anarchism when anarchist infinity groups engaged in illegal activities such as fraud and robberies, which sometimes resulted in violence, calling these acts “expropriations on the bourgeoisie”. This example is one of many that show the fault in the thinking of anarchists regarding their view on human nature as it is clear that the anarcho-individualist view that social harmony can arise naturally is not true, and complete freedom itself can not exist along side social order and harmony.
However anarchists believe that, once freed from constraints, the natural morality and rationality of human nature will reassert itself. Anarcho-syndicalists promote physical violence on political enemies through propaganda by deed for a widespread revolution, and may excuse such violence, expressing that “the ends justifies the means”. Nihilism also holds the belief that violence in order to achieve a revolution can be justified. Defined by Jacobi

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Studying The Heart Of Mothers And Children English Literature Essay

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The mother is the heart of the family. The one person that children can turn to when life has taken them for a ride that they were not prepared to take. Even when she doesn’t agree with their decisions, she will help them up, dust off their knees, and tell them that she loves you. After she gives them a hug and a kiss on the cheek she will try to steer them in the right direction as they go back out and try to survive the game. This is a real mother. The power of the relationship between a mother and her children can make absolute effective differences. Mothers play big roles in the two short stories “Mother Tongue” written by Amy Tan and “Because My Father Always Said He Was the Only Indian Who Saw Jimi Hendrix Play “The Star-Spangled Banner” at Woodstock” by Sherman Alexie. Mothers inspire their children in a way that it enriches their lives with the passion for learning and their devotion for life.

Amy faces couple of challenges that drives her toward her choice of education. In the beginning of her life she was ashamed and embarrassed because of her mother. And as an attempt to get away from this side of her heritage, Amy, once she becomes a writer, writes with great English and diction, and she uses a plethora of vocabulary. However she soon realizes that she is being someone she is not. She eventually fully realizes her true relationship with her mother, and subsequently allows that newfound knowledge to affect her writing. The first challenge Amy’s going through is the difficulty of being raised by a parent who speaks limited English. This can result in Amy and her mother being judged poorly by others. Being raised by her mother makes her perception of the world heavily based upon the language spoken at home. Alternately, people’s perceptions of one another are based largely on the language used. So, thinking differently than people is one advantage beside thinking of what her mother is trying to say. For example, when her mother says “until that man big like become a mafia” (28), others don’t completely comprehend the real meaning. However, what she really means is that the man becomes big, as in known like a mafia. She uses mafia to metaphorically describe the word “big”, but her accent makes a disapproving sound. In addition, Amy has to help her mother doing her daily essential communications. She says “she used to have me call people on the phone to pretend I was she. In this guise, I was forced to ask for information or even to complain and yell at people who had been rude to her” (29). That means Amy learns a lot just because she has to do this. Amy has more knowledge about communication with people in a very early age. Amy builds that knowledge until she became able to write professionally. The second challenge is the absence of the father. Amy grew up with her mother, so that her broken language sounds complete for her. And even though, Amy is embarrassed of her mother’s broken language, she has to live with it which gives her the chance of developing ways to distinguish what her mother means. Amy has all of her concerns toward her mother and she starts building up her enthusiasm for learning more about the English language.

Amy Tan uses her mother’s language to satisfy her craving of education. She feels that she needs to fill that missing part, which is the language, by studying and going deep into it. The relationship between Amy and her mother is one of wonderful love and comfort, one where they can speak broken English and have it mean something special. Essentially, Amy becomes authentic and true to her roots. She is looking at her mother in an incredible way that she is ignoring the worse part of not being able to be understood by people, and she thinks more about how to develop that situation into something useful. She never looks at the dark side of the situation. She starts thinking in that and she starts answering some questions like “Why are there few Asian Americans enrolled in creative writing programs?” (30). And she estimates that “And that makes me think that there are other Asian-American students whose English spoken in the home might also be described as “broken” or “limited”.” (30). This way she is developing her abilities of thinking using some available source, her mother’s broken language, to improve her own concepts of choosing her schooling. Amy thinks that words are more than just words; sometimes she has to look behind them and read in between to understand the true meaning. Amy thinks that points and ideas are more important than the structure of a sentence or the words used in that sentence. And since learning is not only by studying but it needs to have some kind of a view of the world real needs, she is able to improve her ideas especially after she made comparisons between what is precise and what is opinion-based answer. When she said that standard test can’t determine a person’s intelligence, she is trying to say how people have different ways of thinking and different types of intelligence. Yet these standard tests can only measure a certain type of intelligence, so it is kind of unfair for everybody. And this guides Amy toward writing as she feels that it can offset her mother’s broken language and the unjust of the different tests. Inspired by her mother, she begins to write so that the common man can understand her.

Furthermore, Alexie shows how good the mother is to illustrate that pattern. Good mothers are really sensitive for whatever happens to the family and they care more than any other member in the family for building a successful and harmonious family. Alexie declares that using the position of the mother when a horrible accident happened to her husband. First when the husband tells his son Victor “I remember your mother when she was the best traditional dancer in the world” (400), it gives a reasonable point inside the son’s mind to look at his mother. Alexie commands “After he began to recover, my mother stopped visiting as often. She helped him through the worst, though.” (400). Looking at his mother, Victor realizes that his mother usually gives him a different story than what he hears from his father. At one point, Victor’s father tells him that Victor’s generation does not know anything about music or romance. However, when his mother describes her husband’s failed attempts at playing the guitar, she demonstrates that he is also bad at music or romance. This becomes evident when Victor discusses the separation from his father. He describes the event from three different points of view which are his father’s memory, his own memory, and his mother’s memory. He is confused as to which version really happened, which makes him think more of why this happened to figure out the real event. Victor starts thinking differently as he starts asking questions like “Was it because of Jimi Hendrix?” (400) and he starts making up optimistic imaginations about his father’s return. Victor’s mother is patient and she really cares about helping him as when he goes outside and waits for his father to come back, his mother gives him a quilt to feel warm but she doesn’t force him to go inside. She wants him to dive in his dreams. Victor says “It was so quiet, a reservation kind of quiet, where you can hear somebody drinking whiskey on the rocks three miles away” (401). All that is left over is the negative effect of assimilation, which is represented by the sound of a person drinking alone in the dark. That indicates how Victors gets rid of bad aspects and thoughts about the relationship between his mother and father and how he changes it while he and his mother were waiting for his father’s return. Victor’s mind expands to the wide world. His mother teaches him how he can search for an answer by himself using her own techniques of working out problems using patience. He learned how he can win by losing something he likes and he breaks down the difficulty of being more physical than fanciful when he left his dreams to drive him. He learned a lesson of how he should always rejoice even if the situation does not allow him to do that. All that happen because of the simple conversation he has with his mother and the way he looks at his mother while she is helping his father.

To conclude, the two authors propose great ideas of how mothers take control of the way their children think. Mothers think that those changes can make huge differences in their children’s future. A good mother should grant her own concepts and abilities and shares her knowledge and skills to help her children grow up mentally. Good children care about their mothers and listen and learn from them which build up their own concepts. And this is how people are different from one to another.

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