Egypt And The Revolutions In The 19th Century History Essay

Although Egypt was included in many wars and had man revolutions that was made by the Egyptian's civilians Egypt was and stayed a strong country. In the beginning of the 19th century Egypt was an unfamiliar country to Europe for one reason and it is that Egypt is a Muslim country and Europe was a Christian continent.

The First European invasion against Egypt was lead by Napoleon. A French army landed near the western mouth of the Nile River in 1798. The First Egyptian Revolution started lead by the Mamaluks because they wanted France to get out of Egypt. The French army's goal was to stop the trade that was happening between England and India. The French army's goal was not achieved but they were successful to defeat Egypt's Ottoman defenders but then their fleet was sunk by the British. The Napoleon invasion made all Europe interested in invading Egypt. In 1799 the French Revolution started to try to take control of the Levant and failed because of two main reasons. Firstly a very good fighter fought against the French army. Secondly the French army got a plague on their way.

In 1800 there was a treaty called the Areesh treaty and this treaty said that France will leave Egypt for the Ottomans and also France should return under the control of the Ottoman Empire. In 1801 Omar Makram lead the second Egyptian revolution against the French and this revolution's goal was to make France go out of Egypt and this revolution's goal was partially achieved because only part of the French campaign left Egypt.

In 1805 Mohamed Ali came to rule Egypt. Mohamed Ali defeated the rest of the French army in Egypt and he also got rid of the Mamaluks. Mohamed Ali also established Egypt's independence from the Ottoman Empire. Mohamed Ali also defeated Britain's short lived campaign which was lead by Frazer. Mohamed Ali started modernizing Egypt by modernizing Egypt's education by sending Egyptian teachers on educational campaigns to France. Mohamed Ali modernized the trade between Egypt trade and industrialization and economy. He also built the military and the navy. He founded the first book publisher.

In 1825 Egypt became kingdom. In 1831 Mohamed Ali tried to take control of the Levant from the Ottoman. This campaign ended with a treaty which states that if Mohamed Ali left the Ottoman Empire in peace his family would inherit the kingdom of Egypt.

In 1848 Abbas started to rule Egypt. Abbas had a different theory than Mohamed Ali. Abbas thought that if he kept modernizing Egypt, Egypt will be an interest to every country so he started to destroy what Mohamed Ali did. The important thing that Mohamed Ali had done and Abbas continued it was sending educational campaigns to France.

In 1854 Saied started to rule Egypt. Saied's theory was like his grandfather. Abbas tried to redo what Mohamed Ali did. Saied started the Suez Canal project in 1854. The Suez Canal is a very important project and it help in many ways and it also helps many people. Building the Suez Canal needed a lot of money and Egypt did not have enough money to complete the project, so Saied was forced to sign a treaty which stated that France would take all the money from the Suez Canal for 99 years.

There are three important effects made by the Suez Canal. Firstly is because people wanted to live beside the Nile so they could have better crops so he made the Suez Canal so there is more space for people to farm on and this will increase the crops and by increasing the crops there will be more money. Secondly to store the water in the Suez Canal. Thirdly because the Suez Canal would bring a massive amount of money for Egypt because every ship that passes from the Suez Canal pays money and that makes the Suez Canal the main source of money in Egypt now.

Khedive Ismail starts to rule Egypt from 1863. Ismail tried to make Egypt in a higher position between other countries and he also tried to make Cairo like Paris. Egypt at Ismail's time was one of the two countries that were selling cotton. Egypt and USA were the two countries who sold cotton at this time. When both countries were selling cotton at the same time the cotton price was not very expensive. Fortunately USA had a war which made them stop selling cotton. This made the cotton price high. This made more money come to Egypt. Khedive Ismail loaned money from France and Britain so he could achieve his goal which was making Cairo like Paris and he depended on the cotton to pay Paris and Britain the money he loaned. Unfortunately the war that the USA was in ended and they returned to sell cotton and not only that they sold cotton they had but they also sold cotton that they stored during the war. That made the price of the cotton very cheap. After USA returned to sell cotton again and the price of the cotton went down again. Also after Egypt became one of the top 5 countries in the world. Egypt did not have enough money to neither achieve Khedive Ismail's goal or paying the money that Khedive Ismail took from Britain and France.

In 1879 started the Oraby revolution against Khedive Ismail. This revolution was led by Ahmed Oraby. The Oraby revolution succeeded in making Ismail not ruling Egypt anymore. After Khedive Ismail came Khedive Tewfik to rule Egypt. While Khedive Tewfik was ruling Egypt Britain came and invaded Egypt for several years because they wanted their money that Khedive Ismail loaned from them.

Khedive Tewfik dies and he is succeeded by Abbas II. While Abbas II was ruling Egypt Mustafa Kamal found Al lawak paper. In the paper his goal was to try to make Egypt independent from Britain.

This is Preview only. If you need the solution of this assignment, please send us email with the complete assignment title: ProfessorKamranA@gmail.com

Effect On The British Invasion Bands History Essay

 

Throughout history, there have been a great number of instances where certain aspects of the time period had an effect on art forms of the time. A good example of this is how the decade the 1960’s affected the British Invasion rock and roll groups. There were a great number of historical events that occurred during the 1960’s, both positive and negative. One event that had already been taking place for five years before the decade even began was the Vietnam War, which was a violent conflict that pitted the United States and South Vietnam against the Communists of North Vietnam. The war began due to North Vietnam’s efforts to unite itself with South Vietnam, thus making South Vietnam Communist. The United States did not want Communism to spread in Asia any more than it already had, so eventually the United States entered the war. The war was unsuccessful, however, since the United States troops were not prepared for the Vietnamese climate conditions and the guerrilla warfare tactics of the North Vietnamese.

While these major historical events were going on, rock and roll had just begun to take off. Although rock and roll didn’t truly reach its creative peak until the 1960’s, the genre actually grew and became popular in the 1950’s. Rock and roll in itself has been thought by some to be simply a combination of country music and rhythm and blues. This is not the case, however, as the original ideas of rock and roll were in place for a long time, although it did not become a whole separate genre until the mid 1950’s. Probably the biggest influence on how rock and roll became so popular is Elvis Presley. Following his influence, artists such as Little Richard, Buddy Holly, and Chuck Berry started what was called rock and roll’s golden era. It wasn’t until the mid 1960’s that rock and roll had another wave of change comparable to this one.

The British Invasion was a musical movement, which consisted of English rock and roll bands that found fame in both the United Kingdom and the United States. The British Invasion bands did not receive recognition right away, however. In fact, many bands attempted to copy the American style of rock in the 1950’s, although many had little success. The reason for this is that they were unable to grasp the rock and roll feel for the most part. By 1962, some of Britain’s youth was able to understand the rock genre and a few bands became popular in Liverpool, especially the Beatles. It was the Beatles, in fact, who was the first band to go to the United States and spread their own type of rock overseas. After their example, many bands followed. By 1964, Britain had become the birthplace of such popular bands as The Who, The Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds, and others. (Britannica.com – British Invasion) Between 1964 and 1966, the British Invasion bands had successfully brought their brand of music over to the United States and had numerous hits including Downtown by Petula Clark, Do Wah Diddy Diddy by Manfred Mann, Wild Thing by the Troggs, Satisfaction by the Rolling Stones, and many others. (Britannica.com – British Invasion)

Since the 1960’s was a time period in which sex, love, violence, and drugs were running rampant, it is evident that some of these social factors of the time period had an effect on these bands. The Beatles and the Rolling Stones were two of the most popular British Invasion bands in both the United States and The United Kingdom at the time. They are also prime examples of social factors have affected the music of the time period. The Vietnam War, which was directly related to the Hippie Movement, was one factor that had an effect. Mass drug use of the time period was also a factor that had a major influence on the British Invasion bands. Besides all of that, the media also had a tremendous effect on many of the bands.

The Vietnam War was received with mixed feelings in the United States, and many people’s opinions were negative. Although some people were for the Vietnamese struggle, many felt that the United States would not have the ability to win and believed that it was not the United States responsibility to fight for South Vietnam. One group of people in the United States, most generally called “Hippies,” felt that violence in any form should not be present and also advocated environmental issues and love. Hippies also usually dressed in clothing with bright colors with flowers printed on them. They also tended to wear headbands and put flowers in their hair.

The hippie movement had an effect on the music of the time in which many of the British Invasion bands wrote songs that included many of the hippie ideas. For example, in the song, In Another Land by the Rolling Stones, the lyrics read, “In another land where the breeze and the trees and flowers were blue I stood and held your hand. And the grass grew high and the feathers floated by. I stood and held your hand. And nobody else's hand will ever do. Nobody else will do.” (The Rolling Stones Albums) These lyrics show that the Rolling Stones showed feelings for nature and the environment, as well as love, which directly relates to the hippie style.

Besides the musical influence the hippies had on the British Invasion bands, there was also a fashion influence as well. In the most of the bands it was typical for most of the members to have fairly long hair or dress in a hippie manner. An example of this is throughout most of the Beatles career in the 1960’s, they had slightly long hair in the front, which was fairly consistent with the hippie style. Even though they began their career wearing matching suits, they later on wore clothing that sported more of a hippie influence.

Although the hippie movement played a major part in having an effect on the British Invasion bands, another major influence on many of the bands, which was also related to the hippie movement were the use of psychoactive drugs such as LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and marijuana. LSD is a hallucinogen, which basically means that when taken, it puts the user in an altered state of consciousness. The sensations first occur about forty minutes after the drug is taken. After about an hour, the intensity level of the drug is at its highest and lasts for about four to five hours. People who have experienced LSD have said that during that peak point that their senses became stronger, and also sometimes seemed to mix. Also, while on the drug it appears as if inanimate objects can move and bend. (Psychological effects of LSD) It is also said that LSD can give the user a new dimension of creativity, which resulted in the use of the drug by many rock bands in order to come up with fresh, new ideas. Another psychoactive drug, marijuana is a plant that contains the chemical THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). THC is what gives marijuana its mind-altering control and gives what many people call, a “high”. Most often marijuana is smoked, although it can also be eaten. Marijuana also is said to help people think more creatively.

Perhaps two of the most popular bands who had changed their musical style through the use of psychoactive drugs are the Rolling Stones and the Beatles. The birth of psychedelic rock is what brought about this change in these bands. Psychedelic rock began in the late 1960’s and was the result of LSD use as well as feedback and electronic sounds. The most popular psychedelic rock band was the Grateful Dead, who actively used drugs during their concerts. (Britannica.com – Psychedelic Rock) The Rolling Stones and the Beatles both became influenced by this type of rock, and wrote songs that showed many signs of drug use. Between 1966 and 1967, The Beatles created albums such as Revolver, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, and Magical Mystery Tour. These albums all had psychedelic influences in them. For example, in the song Magical Mystery Tour, the lyrics are, “Roll up, roll up for the Mystery Tour. Roll up, and that’s an invitation. Roll up, to make a reservation. Roll up for the Mystery Tour. The Magical Mystery Tour is waiting to take you away, waiting to take you away.” (The Beatles Discography – US Albums) It is evident that based on these lyrics the “magical mystery tour” is a marijuana high because the term “roll up” refers to rolling up a marijuana joint, and the “magical mystery tour” as well as “taking you away” refer to getting high. This is a major difference from the lyrics in earlier songs the Beatles had written.

The Rolling Stones also experimented with psychoactive drugs, which in turn affected their music. The songs in their album, Their Satanic Majesties Request, displayed a psychedelic side. In the song, Two Thousand Light Years From Home, the lyrics read, ”Sun turnin' 'round with graceful motion. We're setting off with soft explosion. Bound for a star with fiery oceans, it's so very lonely, you're a hundred light years from home.” (The Rolling Stones Albums) These lyrics have a very fantasy-like manner to them, in which speaking of “fiery oceans” and “soft explosions” hint that they are the creative result of an LSD trip. Also, saying, “you’re a hundred light years from home” may have a hidden meaning of being high.

Though not directly related to the hippie movement or drugs, the media had an extremely large influence on the British Invasion bands. Television had reached an extremely high popularity by the 1960’s and therefore provided a new way for the bands to gain exposure rather than just live events, or even word from newspapers or magazines. Even though the 1960’s took place well before the MTV era, bands were still seen on television shows such as “The Ed Sullivan Show” and “The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson.” It was on these television appearances that the Beatles performed that truly started the British Invasion. Since the Beatles had instantly gained incredible amounts of popularity in the United States because of these television appearances, many other bands seized the opportunity and presented themselves to the American audience.

Media exposure also had a negative influence on some of these bands, however. For example, in an interview in the London Evening Standard, John Lennon of the Beatles said, “Christianity will go. It will vanish and shrink. I needn't argue with that; I'm right and I will be proved right. We're more popular than Jesus now; I don't know which will go first - rock 'n' roll or Christianity. Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary. It's them twisting it that ruins it for me.” (The Dark Side of Beatlemania – John Lennon) At that time it was not considered to be anything negative. Five months later however, Datebook, a United States magazine for teenagers reprinted that quote and featured it in an article titled, “The Ten Adults You Dig/Hate The Most”. Since the quote had been misconstrued by the media, many people in the United States interpreted it as though the Beatles were antichrists. Radio stations stopped playing Beatles’ music on the air and many children around the country publicly destroyed Beatles records, memorabilia, etc. Other bands quickly learned that the media could easily twist and turn what one says, so they would have to be more careful.

In conclusion, based on these main points it is evident that the 1960’s truly did have a huge impact on the British Invasion bands. The marijuana and LSD use by many of the bands gave their music a fresh, new sound that had never been heard before. Also, the hippie influences added a new way for social concerns to be expressed. Finally, the British Invasion bands also learned that the media can portray them in both positive and negative ways, based on how they manipulate words or actions.

After thoroughly researching the 1960’s as well as the bands that made up the British Invasion, I feel that the sixties was one of the most eventful, tragic, interesting, and beautiful time periods in world history. The stories from the two major conflicts going on – The Vietnam War, as well as the struggle back in the United States between the war supporters and those against it are absolutely riveting. I have also found that there are tremendous similarities between the hippies and the authors of the Romantic Era in Britain. Both the hippies and the romantics felt very strongly about nature and expressed their feelings in art forms, the romantics through poetry and the hippies through song. I also have found similarities between psychedelic rock and the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who wrote works such as Kubla Kahn and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Because of Coleridge’s use of Opium, his works showed signs of fantasy, very much like the psychedelic style. I feel that not only has the 1960’s had a major effect on the British Invasion bands, but I also feel that the bands themselves have drilled a deep impact into the culture of the 1960’s as well as today.

This is Preview only. If you need the solution of this assignment, please send us email with the complete assignment title: ProfessorKamranA@gmail.com

Historical And Global Treatment Of Trade Unionists History Essay

In the early 19th century the economic situation for the majority of the United Kingdom’s workers was dire. The influx of veterans from the Napoleonic wars seeking work and the loss of government contracts to supply the army had a major impact on the country’s economic woes. The position was particularly bad for the many thousands of agricultural workers living in abject poverty in the British countryside. Many farm labourers lived in tied houses on starvation level wages. For many the Enclosure Act had led to the loss of the common land which their families used to graze animals, the winter work of cereal threshing was under threat from the landowner’s purchase of threshing machines and the poor harvests of 1828 and 1829 resulted in rising food prices and falling wages.

The lives of the country’s industrial workers in the towns and cities were no better. Workers and their families lived in insanitary conditions and for the most part worked long hours in unsafe and unhealthy conditions.

The “Luddites” and “Machine Breakers”

The Luddite movement began when British textile artisans protested at the changes in production methods brought about during the industrial revolution. They saw their livelihoods being threatened by the introduction of large mills and their fellows being forced to work in degrading conditions.

In 1811 and 1812 mills and factory machinery were burned by handloom weavers and for a time action was so widespread that it led to clashes with the army and in 1812 a mass trial in York at which many were sentenced to death or transportation,

Although short lived the movement is indicative of the rising tide of English working class discontent in the early 19th century.

The “Swing Riots”

The Agricultural variant of the Luddite movement may be seen in the “Swing Riots”

In the autumn of 1830 unrest among farm workers erupted in a series of violent protests across southern and eastern England. Threshing machines were attacked and hayricks burnt. During the years 1830 and 1831 over 700 incidents were recorded. Greedy and unpopular employers were sent letters ordering them to provide better wages and conditions for their workers, the letters were signed by the fictitious “Captain Swing”. Some farmers were compelled to maintain a reasonable wage level due to these activities although they were certainly unpopular with their peers for doing so. It may perhaps be said that it is unfortunate that Swing did not exist, if he had the protests may have been better organised rather than the relatively random acts that took place and so may have been more effective in achieving their goals.

The response to the incidents was however very severe. The belief of the ruling classes was that good behaviour among the masses could only be ensured by the threat of horrendous punishments, 250 were sentenced to death, most had their sentence reduced to imprisonment or transportation, but 9 people were executed, this number included a 12 year old boy, and over 1000 were jailed or transported for their part in the riots. Even given the fear and distrust of the working classes by their supposed intellectual and moral superiors (which in many cases merely meant richer and better fed) the figures are staggering. The men and boys involved in the incidents were for the most part honest, hardworking citizens who were driven to desperate measures by the intransigence of those willing to watch their workers and their children slowly starve to death. In fact many of those convicted had done no more than attend a meeting of like minded individuals. The peasants’ revolt had been put down but the cause of the unrest had not been dealt with.

Friendly Societies

During the medieval period the Guilds provided organisation for tradesmen and artisans. Part of their function was to help provide mutual aid for the Guild members and their families in time of difficulty. They also sought to control wages and production levels and set the level of skills of their crafts.

When the unskilled masses sought similar protection they looked to the Friendly Societies for aid. Members would make small weekly or monthly contributions into a fund to help to provide financial support in time of sickness or to provide funeral benefits. These societies started in the late 17th century but saw a huge expansion in the 19th century when more and more unskilled workers gained employment in the mills and factories of post industrial revolution Britain.

The origin of the British trade union can therefore be seen in both of these organisations and it can be argued that they the result of an amalgamation of them both.

Tolpuddle

The area around Tolpuddle had been involved in the “Swing” incidents and this was to be a factor in the treatment of 6 tolpuddle men. At the time Tolpuddle was a small village in Dorset and no different from many others in the county, it was however, the home of George Loveless who history tells us was the leader of those 6 men who were to become known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs.

George Loveless was an intelligent man who had taught himself to read and write and had gained a sufficient standard of education and of theology to become a Methodist lay preacher. He was dismayed that no matter how hard he worked he was decreasingly able to support his family on his wages. Acting in a dishonest or illegal manner would not have been acceptable to him but he decided that this situation was unfair and unjust and that something had to be done about it. It is believed that George sought advice from one of the Friendly Societies and he and the other 5 men formed a union of their own in order to petition their employer for better pay and took an oath not to betray each other.

This was not the formation of a trade union in the modern sense but I believe the events that followed and the consequent public response led to the formation of the modern trade union movement.

The Tolpuddle men were eventually arrested and convicted of administering an unlawful oath. Being a member of a trade union was legal at this time so the magistrates (who had a vested interest in seeing an example being made of these men) convicted them using an archaic piece of naval law and they were sentenced to 7 years transportation to Australia. It is in the actions that took place in Britain to secure their release that we see the birth of effective trade union organisation.

The Action of The New Unions

The fledgling unions were quick to realise that the transportation of the “Tolpuddle Martyrs” was a direct attack on them and started to organise actions to bring about the men’s release.

Petitions were raised and meetings and demonstrations took place throughout the country. At the largest of these in 1834 up to 100,000 supporters marched through London to deliver a petition demanding the release of the 6 farm labourers from Dorset.

Eventually the government bowed to pressure and on 14th March 1836 it was agreed that the men would receive a full and free pardon.

It is within this process that we see the types of action still in use today by trade unions around the world. Mass demonstrations, petitions (although we are likely to use e-mail to gather signatures), political support being sought from M.P’s, etc. are all tools we would expect to see today. I can only look back in admiration at the skills of those early unionists who almost 200 years ago were able to raise such a high level of support and stir up such public outcry. It is indeed unfortunate that so little record remains of their speeches and letters.

Trade unions grew up in Europe and America from the mid 1800’s to the present day on broadly similar lines.

The Situation Today

Here in the United Kingdom today we enjoy legal protection from persecution on grounds of trade union membership and activity. Some of this protection dates back to the 1870’s and the influence of that early work done following the Tolpuddle incident cannot be ignored. Although every year cases arise of disregard of this protection which are then usually dealt with successfully by the unions and the courts, we are free to express ourselves and to take action without fear of reprisal or physical harm to ourselves and our families. Although here in Britain the catering company Gate Gourmet dismissed 670 trade unionists for taking industrial action. American giant WalMart have also offered financial inducements to UK employees to leave the union. Is this the case for our trade union brothers and sisters around the world? Globally it is true that most democratic countries offer protection of the rights of individuals to belong to a union, however, in all too many parts of the world there are horrendous human rights violations taking place every day against trade union activists.

According to data provided by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) in 2002,

10,000 unionists were sacked

4,000 unionists were arrested

1,000 unionists were injured

Over 200 unionists were killed.

These figures would seem to indicate that globally unions are under attack and membership is being discouraged in many parts of the world by unscrupulous employers often with the backing (albeit covertly in most cases) of their governments.

The European Situation

Across Central and Eastern Europe resistance to the formation of independent trade unions has been a common trend among both employers and the State. In Poland the ICTFU reported at least 7 cases of workers being intimidated until they left the union in 2006.

Coca Cola appears to have carried out some of more serious violations. Union members at the St. Petersburg branch faced unjustified reprimands, insults, threats of dismissal and obstruction of collective bargaining. At the Coca Cola plant in Volzhsky workers were subjected to anti-union harassment and told they would lose their jobs if they joined the union.

Turkey saw the violent repression of a demonstration of the teachers union with 10 arrests and 17 injured. The metal workers union saw 164 members dismissed and 275 forced to resign, while 50 oil workers union members were unfairly dismissed.

In the Russian Federation a trade unionist who had received death threats died when his house caught fire.

Attempts to move away from collective bargaining are becoming increasingly common throughout European employers.

Asia and the Pacific

In many countries in this region the process of taking strike action is so cumbersome that most strikes in the region are technically illegal.

Hundreds of striking workers were injured in Bangladesh when police attacked workers in 3 separate incidents. They were protesting at management ill treatment which included physical violence.

Police intervention in India led to 300 trade unionists being seriously injured.

Cambodia, South Korea and the Philippines saw workers, union leaders and activists injured with impunity in police actions.

Deaths of unionists occurred in Bangladesh, South Korea and the Philippines. In the Philippines Diosdado Fortuna, leader of the food and drug industry union was shot dead, Victoria Ramonte of the Andres Soriano College Employees union was stabbed to death,

Ricardo Ramos, President of the Sugar Workers Union was shot and killed and the local union president of a transport group also died at the hands of gunmen.

Women are frequently the target of anti-union activity in the region, this is due in main to the fact that many of the employees in the electronics, textiles, public sector and education are women.

Dozens of activists jailed in China in previous years are still incarcerated.

The government of Australia has shown itself to be one of the severely anti-union in the industrialised world. It has introduced legislation to restrict trade union organising and rights to collective bargaining. These laws gave employers powers to push workers into individual contracts and also removed their protection from unfair dismissal in many cases.

Africa

In several African countries no unions are allowed in the public and civil services, another problem is the difficulty of taking part in legal industrial action. The repression of the right to strike has led to fatalities on 3 occasions.

In South Africa strikes and protests have been broken up using stun guns, tear gas and rubber bullets. Unsurprisingly this has led to many injuries and deaths, ironically one of these occurred at a protest at the arrests and beatings that had taken place at earlier protests.

In the Nigerian oil industry 170 workers were dismissed for asking for better working conditions and the General Secretary of the Nigeria Labour Congress had his passport seized as he tried to board a plane to attend the International Labour Organisation (ILO) conference in Switzerland.

The leaders of the Zimbabwe Confederation of Trade Unions have received death threats, several faced physical attacks and many were arrested. A teacher’s union leader was tortured and other protesters badly beaten.

No independent trade unions are permitted in Sudan, Egypt or Libya.

The Middle East

This is an area of great unrest and turmoil, where the imprisonment and deaths of union activists has become an almost common occurrence to the horror of people around the world. In Iraq in 2006 there were several assassinations of union leaders along with some unsuccessful assassination attempts and at least 2 kidnappings. One union, the Union of Mechanics, Printing and Metalworkers, reported the deaths of at least 10 of its members.

Most recently in Iran the world became aware of the execution of Farzad Kamanger, a Kurdish teacher and trade unionist, imprisoned, beaten and convicted in a farcical trial where the courts “lost” his notes at the appeal hearing.

Despite global condemnation of the treatment he and fellow unionists received at the hands of the Iranian government Farzad was executed in May 2010.

On a brighter note, Qatar followed the example set by Bahrain and adopted a labour code which allows for the formation of independent trade unions but this law still falls below international labour standards. In Bahrain itself a law was passed to restrict legal strike action.

Due to the continued security issues in Israel and Palestine, it is very difficult for the Palestinian trade unions to carry out their normal duties.

There are no trade union rights in Saudi Arabia or Oman, the law there does not recognise the right to form trade unions.

The Americas

In the “land of the free” U.S. governments are very anti-union. Union busting is rife with concerted efforts being made at many employers to reduce and eliminate trade union membership.

In Canada the WalMart supermarket chain, smarting from the success of its workers in Jonquiere Quebec, in setting up the first WalMart employees union in North America, promptly closed the store. Elsewhere WalMart use intimidation, electronic spying and other measures to discourage the setting up of unions at its other branches.

In Colombia in 2006 at least 70 people were killed for their trade union activities and at least a further 260 received death threats. This was a significant decrease in deaths of activists but the alarming fact remains that trade unionists are being targeted by armed groups with impunity. Violence against women trade unionists steadily increased throughout 2006 and it is with good reason that people in the area say that to become a trade union activist is “to walk around with your tombstone on your back”. No words can adequately express the admiration trade unionists around the world should feel towards these brave men and women.

There have also been union members killed in Brazil and Honduras where Francisco Cruz Galeano of the National Trade Union Centre was shot 25 times.

Death threats remain a common occurrence in many South American countries.

In Ecuador members of the banana workers unions face many problems. At the San Jose plantation 44 workers were dismissed for forming a union and overall in 2006 a further 250 workers lost their jobs for trying to form a union and requesting collective bargaining.

In Peru a telecommunications company sacked 23 union members shortly after the union was formed and threatened others with dismissal and transferred others to lower paid jobs. Very similar tactics were used by 2 soft drinks multinational companies.

Some Mexican union members told the ICFTU that in the garments industry organising had to be carried out without the employer’s knowledge.

What Can Be Done?

I believe that if we could muster support of the levels seen in the 1830’s international pressure would lead to improvements of the rights and treatment of trade unionists worldwide. Many campaigns have been launched via the internet but perhaps because computers are impersonal they are not as effective as the massed marches of old.

Has our relatively comfortable existence made us apathetic to the suffering and problems of others or is it simply a case of our ignorance because these matters are not news worthy enough to receive prime time coverage? It could be that the legacy of the Thatcher years and the anti-union spin of the governments and media have left the average citizen cold to the suffering of workers in other parts of the globe. Very few people seem to be aware of the working conditions of their fellow human beings who provide us with the goods we crave in our consumer society. Some good work has been done by the makers of television documentaries highlighting the plight of sweat shop workers. It is unfortunate that these were not given more coverage in the press or shown on the main channels in place of the escapist soap operas.

By writing to our local politicians and raising their awareness of the strength of feeling about these issues we can push them to discuss the problems at government level. Ultimately public knowledge of the issues, brought to bear on local, national and global governments to change legislation and to influence employers will eventually change the situation.

The formation of global unions such as the partnership between the UK union Unite and the US Teamsters union may be able to help bring pressure to bear on the governments of the world to pass legislation to improve and to protect the rights of fellow trade unionists, but pressure must also be brought to bear by individuals who are prepared to speak out against injustice and to show at least some of the courage and determination shown by our forefathers and those still fighting to establish and defend their rights.

Books and other sources:

Fraser Hamish W. (1999) A History Of British Trade Unionism 1700-1998 Macmillan Press

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions 2006 Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights www.ifftu.org

BBC News www.bbc.co.uk

Tolpuddle Martyrs Museum www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk

Logan John. U.S. Anti Union Consultants: A Threat to the Rights of British Workers T.U.C

This is Preview only. If you need the solution of this assignment, please send us email with the complete assignment title: ProfessorKamranA@gmail.com

Pakistan China In Relation Defence Analysis System History Essay

A policy governing international relations. A country's foreign policy, also called the international relations policy, is a set of goals outlining how the country will interact with other countries. General objectives that guide the activities and relationships of one state in its interactions with other states. The development of foreign policy is influenced by domestic considerations, the policies or behaviour of other states, or plans to advance specific geopolitical designs.

Pakistan's foreign policy has been marked by a complex balancing process--the result of its history, religious heritage, and geographic position. The primary objective of that policy has been to preserve Pakistan's territorial integrity and security, which have been in jeopardy since the state's inception.

A new era began with the partition of British India in 1947 and the formation of two independent, sovereign states--India and Pakistan. Both nations searched for their place in the world order and aspired to leadership roles beyond the subcontinent.

Pakistan's desire for maximum balance and diversification in its external relations has also led to close relations with China--a valuable geopolitical connection. In 1950 Pakistan recognized the new People's Republic of China, the third non-communist state and the first Muslim country to do so. The deterioration in Sino-Indian relations that culminated in the 1962 border war provided new opportunities for Pakistan's relations with China. The two countries reached agreement on the border between them, and a road was built linking China's Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region with the Northern Areas of Pakistan. China supported Pakistan diplomatically in both its 1965 and 1971 wars with India and provided Pakistan with economic and military assistance. Pakistan's China connection enabled it to facilitate the 1971 visit of United States secretary of state Henry Kissinger to that country, and in the 1980s China and the United States supplied military and economic assistance through Pakistan to the Afghan mujahidin fighting the Soviet occupation forces. Pakistan's ties with China remain strong, and friendly relations between the two countries continue to be an important factor in Pakistan's foreign policy.

China–Pakistan relations began in 1950 when Pakistan recognized the People’s Republic of China. Favourable relations with China have been a pillar of Pakistan's foreign policy. China has always helped Pakistan in each and every sector. It also supports Pakistan’s stance on Kashmir issue. China has provided its support in energy, education, communication, economic and defines sectors. It has launched great developmental projects in Pakistan. The two countries will soon carry out more advanced projects of communication including railway and road links and fibre optic. Chinese cooperation with Pakistan has reached high economic points with substantial investment from China in Pakistani infrastructural expansion. Both countries now have free trade agreements. In recent years, bilateral economic and trade cooperation between China and Pakistan have developed rapidly Pakistan and China agreed to take the bilateral trade to $15 billion by year 2011 from the existing $7 billion dollars.

After the 1990 imposition of U.S. sanctions on Pakistan, China became the country's leading arms supplier. Collaboration now includes personnel training, joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and counterterrorism efforts.

China and Pakistan share a close military relation, with China supplying a range of modern armaments to the Pakistani defines forces. The policy of having good relations between the armed forces was taken in order to counter the balance of power in the Asia. In recent years this relationship has deepened even further by having defines agreements between Pakistan and China.

Military cooperation has strengthened with joint projects producing armaments ranging from fighter jets to guided missile frigates. China has been a steady source of military equipment to the Pakistani Army and also has helped Pakistan to set-up mass weapons production factories and also has given technology assistance and modernized facilities. Now Pakistan's Army has both short- and medium-range ballistic missiles, such as the Shaheen missile series, that experts say are modifications of Chinese imports.

In the last 20 years, the countries are involved in the joint venture of several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which includes JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft, K-8 Karakorum advance training aircraft, space technology, AWACS, Al-Khalid tank, Babur cruise missile. The armies have a schedule for organizing joint military exercises. In 2007 China became Pakistan's biggest arms supplier with no strings and conditions attached; Chinese came up with a true strategic partnership.

Military cooperation has strengthened with joint projects producing armaments ranging from fighter jets to guided missile frigates. China has been a steady source of military equipment to the Pakistani Army and also has helped Pakistan to set-up mass weapons production factories and also has given technology assistance and modernized facilities. Now Pakistan's Army has both short- and medium-range ballistic missiles, such as the Shaheen missile series, that experts say are modifications of Chinese imports. In the last 20 years, the countries are involved in the joint venture of several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which includes JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft, K-8 Karakorum advance training aircraft, space technology, AWACS, Al-Khalid tank, Babur cruise missile. The armies have a schedule for organizing joint military exercises. In 2007 China became Pakistan's biggest arms supplier with no strings and conditions attached; Chinese came up with a true strategic partnership.

Recently joint naval exercises were also conducted which helped both Pakistanis and Chinese to learn from their experiences. China has also built F-22 frigates for Pakistan. Frigates will be deployed for the defines of Pakistan’s maritime interests and to meet commitments in other aspects of maritime diplomacy. Out of four the first frigate was inducted in Pakistani Navy in July 2009 and last one is expected to be in 2013.

According to Pakistan’s naval analyst this deal involves the eventual transfer of Chinese technology that will help Pakistan eventually improve its naval shipbuilding capability in a way that the country has not been helped by any of its other allies (including the U.S.).

China has taken a significant step in meeting Pakistan’s military needs with the completion of a militarily important naval frigate as part of an $800 million deal, which analysts say will further deepen Islamabad’s reliance on Beijing as a key supplier of military hardware.

China has also helped Pakistan in its nuclear program. China supplies Pakistan with nuclear technology and assistance; including what many experts suspect was the blueprint for Pakistan's nuclear bomb.

China has offered to Pakistan military aid in order to fight against the terrorist activities on their soil. China promised that they will further cooperate with Pakistan in dealing firmly with terrorists. After the aid Pakistan will also purchase military equipment from China to fight terror to which China have agreed. This will strengthen cooperation between two Armed Forces. China and Pakistan also hold joint anti-terror military exercises after regular intervals.

Recently Pakistan’s Prime Minister Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani visited China. Both countries vowed to boost up collaboration in defines and counter-terrorism. Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani invited Chinese defines industry to set up joint ventures in his country for warships and fighters. He said that Pakistan is interested in the production of defines-related equipment and setting up of local overhauling facilities, and invited the Chinese companies to invest for joint ventures in this regard.

Pakistan and China have witnessed long-term close military exchanges and carried out comprehensive military cooperation, in accordance with the sound development of the bilateral relationship.

Attaching great importance to China-Pakistan relations, China promised to work together with Pakistan to further develop the bilateral military relations.

Pakistan cherishes the traditional friendship and cooperation with China, and is ready to make concerted efforts to strengthen military ties.

Pakistan was in one of its periodic lows in its relationship with the United States till September 11, 2001 and more specifically till the precise moments the World Trade Centre in New York and the Pentagon were rammed into by Islamic Jihadi terrorists. 

Till 9/11 and in the decade preceding the hallmarks of Pakistan’s external relationships and policies were:

Pakistan-China relationship reached its highest point strategically. China with an incessant flow of blueprints, designs, and components to Pakistan facilitated it’s emergence as a nuclear weapons power with a credible missile arsenal. 

Pakistan and China’s strategic dalliance was conducted in open defiance of United States sensitivities, and periodic sanctions against both. 

United States officials, think tanks, and academia had rightly termed Pakistan as a 'rogue state', 'failed state' and the cess-pool of Islamic Jihadi terrorism. 

Pakistan held sway over Afghanistan through its creation and protégé, the Taliban. 

Afghanistan under Pakistan’s control was converted into a nursery for Islamic Jihadi terrorism and export of Islamic terrorism not only to India, but wider a field. 

Osama bin Laden and his Al Qaeda outfits regularly flitted in and out of Pakistan planning and preparing for their diabolical strikes against the United States. 

Pakistan’s acquisition of nuclear weapons and IRBMs from China and China’s tolerance of Pakistan’s state-sponsored Islamic Jihad served the mutual strategic interests of both countries, namely:

China was able to generate strategic embarrassments for the United States through Pakistan. 

Pakistan hoping thereby to use its strategic delinquencies as bargaining chips with the United States for strategic and economic gains. 

Pakistan was thus a convenient pressure point for China against the United States. 

September 11, 2001 unprecedented onslaught by Islamic Jihadi terrorists on United States symbolic citadels of its military and financial might occurred due to Pakistan’s tolerance of Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda activities on Pakistan soil and from Afghanistan, under Pakistan’s military control. 

Post 9/11, Pakistan under intense American coercion and warnings opted for what apparently appeared to be a complete strategic reversal of its policies.  Overnight, the following happened :

Pakistan abandoned the Taliban.

Pakistan hosted nearly 48,000 US troops on Pakistani soil and the use of Pakistani Air Force bases for launching of American military operations against Afghanistan. 

Pakistan apparently allowed its strategic convergences with China to lapse.

The United States very gracefully sanctified Pakistan’s strategic reversal with glorified labels of ' strategic partner in global counter-terrorism War ', 'frontline state' and in the process beatified and accorded political legitimacy to the Pakistani military dictator, General Musharraf.

Against such a backdrop, the moot question arises and has escaped due analysis in public debate is whether Pakistan’s strategic reversal post 9/11 signalled an end or a dilution of the Pakistan-China relationship.

In the immediate aftermath of 9/11 and Pakistan’s apparent willingness to be embraced by the United States, it was logical to assume that Pakistani strategic alliance was on the way to dilution if not a total change. Pakistan seemed to be enjoying the American embrace once again. 

However, by the spring of 2002, unfolding events started giving clear indications that Pakistan’s strategic alliance with China stood unchanged. These unfolding events were:

Pakistan’s continued receipt of IRBMs and missile assemblies from China, and China-facilitated supplies from North Korea. 

Pakistan’s signing of a defines pact with China with the focus on joint defines research and production. 

Exchange of high-level defines visits. 

Pakistan’s invitation to China for development and construction of her strategic naval base at Gwadar on the Makran coast. This Pakistan-China defines project has far wider strategic significance for two reasons. It gives China access and basing facilities in the Indian Ocean and in close proximity to the Straits of Hormuz.

None of the above developments in Pakistan-China strategic relationship post 9/11 contribute in any way to the United States global war against terrorism or bringing back Afghanistan to normalcy. On the contrary, these Pakistan-China developments as in the period prior to 9/11 create strategic embarrassments for US. Further, these developments and specifically the Chinese involvement in the Pak naval project at Gwadar are strategically destabilizing to South-West Asia region – a region strategically crucial for United States national security interests.

  The Pakistan-China strategic alliance did not emerge as a matter of convenience. It emerged out of strategic compulsions of both Pakistan and China and the ensuing strategic convergences. Pakistan-China strategic convergences continue to exist. 

The United States need to note that unlike the Pakistan-United States strategic relationship, the Pakistan-China strategic alliance was not born from Cold War compulsions. To that extent it will prevail and Pakistan’s strategic relationship with China will continue to be the cornerstone of Pakistan’s foreign and strategic policies.9/11 has not thwarted Pakistan’s slide into Islamic fundamentalism. In that context also, it is China, which continues to be perceived in Pakistan as a bulwark against an over-domineering United States. 

This is Preview only. If you need the solution of this assignment, please send us email with the complete assignment title: ProfessorKamranA@gmail.com

Involuntary Labor During The Civil War Period History Essay

During the Civil War, an argument prolonged across the world about slavery. This topic became commonly known during the same time as wage labor arguments. Some people who worked with wage labor, said both, slavery and wage labor, owned the freedom and dignity of the workers.

Abolitionists, (those who were against the pro-slavery agreement), did not cooperate with wage labor opponents because they believed that slavery was substantially worse than wage labor. President Lincoln agreed with these abolitionists because in his perspective, the wage laborers had more of an opportunity to gain freedom rather than slaves because wage laborers were capable of escaping easier. Labor advocates desired abolitionists to expand their conception of sovereignty for the anti-wage labor cause. However, while most anti-slavery politicians did not do that, free labor remained a forceful power for the North in the Civil War, involving not only wage labor, but also to slavery and free soil in the West.

Pro-slavery supporters discussed that if everyone of the slaves were set free, there would be a widespread of unemployment and chaos. In their terminology, chaos meant uprisings, bloodshed, and anarchy. Those who were pro-slavery began engaged in an argument which was led by the Abolitionists. The pro-slavery movement used references including history, religious values (bible), economics, legitimacy, common good, and sympathy, to add accuracy to their arguments. Those who wanted to keep slavery argued that the dramatic end to the slave lifestyle would have had a profound and murderous economic influence in the South where the dependence on slave labor was the institution of their country. They argued for the extension of the status quo, which was providing prosperity and strength for the lower class and for all free people who relished the reward of the slave society. Those in agreement of pro-slavery also stated that slavery had occurred throughout history and that it was part of human nature. They mentioned the Greeks, the Romans, and the English owned slaves. They said that in the Bible, Abraham possessed slaves. They had pointed out in the bible, many references where it had contained the subject of slavery. They noted one of the commands bestowed by God through the Ten Commandments, “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's…man or female slave...” (Exodus 20 17-18). In the New Testament, they cited that Paul gave back a fugitive slave to his master. However, they preached that even though slavery was commonly known all over the Roman world, Jesus Christ had never said it was wrong. Those in favor of slavery argued that the society was delightful, and that it bestowed Christianity to the heathen from across the ocean. In this argument, slavery was a good thing for the imprisoned. People who agreed with pro-slavery argued that slaves were healthier and well cared after when compared with the poverty of Europe and the recruits in the Northern states. They said that their masters would look after and maintain them when they were ill and elderly, unlike those who were unemployed and had to strive to care for themselves without a helping hand.

During the Kansas-Nebraska disputes, the pro-slavery movement collided with the free soil movement. Although the Missouri Compromise limited slavery in some areas, many others sought for an area open to admired sovereignty, where the residents of the land would choose whether they wanted to be a slave or free state. Lincoln disagreed with this policy, however, on distinctly moral grounds. He briefly stated how there is no moral right in correlation with making a man a slave.

However, numerous free-soilers had distinct intentions for wanting the sections of territories to remain free. One of the reasons was the discrimination against African-Americans; they plainly did not feel like sharing their area with blacks. Some slave-masters believed that African Americans were biologically lower standard to their masters. During the 1800s, this argument was relatively critical. Slave territories established a threat to the free labor society. Without free territories in the west, wage laborers would not have any expectation of traveling west to buy an inexpensive farm and settle in. The North and South attempted to negotiate on the issue by respecting each other’s regulations. For instance, the North gave back fugitive slaves, and the South respected the constitutional rights of free African-Americans, but the majority of these superior deeds ended with the Dred Scott decision. This assessment made slavery national and liberty private, for it enforced free states to distinguish slavery. Hence, pro-slavery arguments were brought attention to the court that every black-not just slaves-had no authorized position as a person in our courts-they were possessions, and the Constitution confined the slave’s rights as a possession of their master. At that point, it then became obvious that America would not manage to survive half-slave, and half free. Therefore, when a society constructs revolving around any institution, just as the South did around slavery, it will gather up as much information as possible to support the key elements of its argument. The southerners remained very confident when voicing their opinions on the case even as the political tension escalated because they believed they had collected valuable pieces which were accurate. Their confidence is what lured citizens closer to the Civil War as well as being more engaged in more historical events.

My opinion is that I believe that one should have a voice to choose which side tends to be more accurate and wise especially in a topic like slavery. The Abolitionists and the pro-slavery groups are of great importance in the history of the Civil War and of Slavery. Those, in these two different movements, had tough decisions to make. They had the choice of embracing slavery or to be against slavery. In addition, they, as citizens, had a decision to voice their opinions why they felt slaves should or not be slaves or to be silent. Though they had many choices to make, they would have to be very wise when stating their beliefs because their decisions would change the world forever as well as the lives of others. As far as the argument goes, I think that every man deserves better than slavery. In my viewpoint, I believe every man was born free; thus, that makes them equal, under God. Though the defenders of slavery said Jesus never stated that slavery was wrong, I do not assume that that is correct. For in the bible, it states, “for in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through faith. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's offspring, heirs according to promise” (Galatians 4:3 24-30). God never liked slavery because he, like myself, believed everyone was created in his image and were equal. He also showed how he disliked slavery by using Moses, as a messenger, to lead the Israelites out of cruel bondage and slavery of Egypt to a land filled with milk and honey. Many aspects of the bible contained slavery but that was what happened during the days before Christ. If I engaged in this argument, between anti-slavery and pro-slavery, I would have chose anti-slavery because I believe no man or woman should be forced to labor involuntarily for that of another human being by being a slave.

This is Preview only. If you need the solution of this assignment, please send us email with the complete assignment title: ProfessorKamranA@gmail.com

Introduction Of The Town Malacca History Essay

 

There is a popular story on how the town Malacca was found by Prince was out hunting one day and while resting under a tree, one of his dogs cornered a mouse-deer or 'pelandok'.

The mouse-deer in its defence attacked the dog and even forced it into the river-water. Parameswara was so taken up by the courage of the mouse-deer that he decided on the spot to found a city on the ground he was sitting on. Thus, Melaka or Malacca was born. Many claimed that the prince took this name from the 'Melaka' tree that was shading him.

Melaka was founded by Parameswara (or Raja Iskandar) the last Malay ruler of Temasik (ancient Singapore) in 1396 when he and his followers retreated up the straits to Muar, then to Sungai Ujung before settling at Bertam near the estuary of Melaka River.

Finding the place of strategic location, he decided to make a permanent settlement there, naming it "Melaka" after the name of the tree he leaned against

The Melaka Sultanate occupies a special position in the history of Malaysia. Its inauguration marked the beginning of the emergence of a new Malay empire. The birthplace of the Malay Sultanates and Malaysia's historic city, Melaka provided the stage on which the Portuguese, Dutch and English played out their roles in shaping the history.

Melaka emerged as a strong maritime trading state under the industrious Parameswara and his chiefs. Melaka also began to be noticed by Muslim traders from West Asia and India, who until that period, had been concentrating their activities in Aru, Pedir and Pasai en-route to the East, especially China. Because of its strategic location straddling the Straits of Melaka, it thrived as a port-of-call and a centre of entrepot trade with ships and merchants from China, Japan, India, Arab and South Africa.

In 1511, it fell to the hands of the Portuguese, followed by the Dutch in 1641 after a fierce battle. In 1795, Melaka was given to the British to prevent it falling to the French when the Netherlands was captured during the Napoleonic Wars. It was returned to the Dutch in 1818 under the treaty of Vienna but was later exchanged by the British for Bangkahulu, Sumatra. From 1826 onwards, the British East India Company along with Singapore and Penang governed it, under the Straits Settlement administration in Calcutta.

The Dutch, who held Melaka for over a century, left many fine buildings marking their heritage. The most imposing relic of the Dutch period is the Stadthuys, a strikingly pink town hall which is today the oldest Dutch building in the Far East. Right next to it stands the bright red Christ Church, constructed with pink bricks imported from Holland and covered with local red lacerite. Today, these buildings together with the ruins of the Portuguese built A Famosa and St. Paul's Church are the most prominent reminders of the Europeans' presence in Melaka.

After World War II, anti-colonial sentiment bred in the country among the nationalists, the result of which was the proclamation of Independence by Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, Malaysia's first Prime Minister, at the Padang Pahlawan (Warrior's Field) at Bandar Hilir, Melaka on 20 February 1956

Melaka road map - via the North-South Highway

Melaka is located on the Western Coast of Peninsular Malaysia facing the Straits of Melaka, about 147 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur and 245 kilometers from Singpore. Melaka is actually found sandwiched between the states of Negeri Sembilan and Johor. It can be reached by excellent roads from Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Internally it is serviced by a very good network of roads leading to all the historical places of interest. It covers and area of 658 square kilometers and is divided into three districts namely Alor Gajah, Melaka Tengah and Jasin.

Malacca has a population of 648,000 as of 2001. The population comprises: Malays: 50%; Chinese: 40%; Indians, including the Chitty people: a sizeable minority; Kristang, people with partial Portuguese ancestry: a small community. The major towns of Malacca are Malacca Town, Alor Gajah, Masjid Tanah, Jasin, Merlimau, Pulau Sebang and Ayer Keroh.

Malacca is well-known for its baba & nyonya style spicy cooking which normally gets served with rich coconut milk. There are numerous specialist baba & nyonya restaurants in town and the suburb area where they serve the mouth watering food, not only known to be the best in Malacca, but in the South East Asia region too. The baba-nyonya food is not the only delicacies around, there's the "satay celup" (Satay stick with raw meat/Vegas dipped in hot boiling satay sauce for cooking), "ikan bakar" which literally means barbecue fish served in grilled aluminium foil or banana leaf heavily marinated with spices that tingle the senses. Not forgetting the odd looking chicken ball rice (a rice pudding shaped like a golf ball) which you dip with chilly to consume its wholesome goodness. Also there's another local favourite - the oyster omelette served in stir fried egg, spring onions and sweet or spicy paste.

For the more adventurous and able to withstand spicy food, there's the portuguese village with a few specialty "tongue burning" dishes, the dishes that will get your stomach growling whole night after a heavy meal.

There's also a restaurant behind some obscure back lane which serves the soft-shell crab, yes !!!! ... a crab dish that you can eat the flesh together with the shell intact. This place has limited seating and one needs to book 3 days in advance to reserve a place.

The "Cin-Cau", a kind of dark grass jelly drink which has a cooling effect is popularly served at restaurants. For that icy-cool feeling, indulge in the "ice kacang" , a refreshment made of shaved ice with red beans, nuts, jelly etc.

Also not forgetting the "cendol", a kind a pandan flavoured jelly served in coconut milk. Someone even improvise on the "cendol" and invented the "durian" flavoured cendol. This is extremely popular with the local tourist but the aroma maybe a bit too pungent for overseas visitors.

There are many variation for cendol desserts offered, one of the best was the shaved ice red bean paste cendol in rich coconut milk. It's served in a small stall with barely 5 tables and every weekend afternoon, folks are literally queuing up to get a seat at the stall. The cost? Only a mere RM 1.

Another local favourite is the "Bubur Cha Cha, a sweet dessert made from steamed sweet potatoes, yam, white beans, tapioca jelly in coconut milk.

A Famosa, or "The Famous" in Portuguese, is among the oldest surviving European architectural remains in Asia. Once part of a mighty fortress, this tiny gate (called the Porta de Santiago) is all that is left of a once-mighty fortress. In 1511 a Portuguese fleet arrived under the command of Alfonso de Albequerque. His forces attacked and successfully defeated the armies of the native Sultanate. Moving quickly to consolidate his gains, Albequerque had the fortress built around a natural hill near the sea. Albequerque believed that Melaka would become an important port linking Portugal to the spice trade from China. At his time other Portuguese were establishing outposts in such places as Macau, China and Goa, India in order to create a string of friendly ports for ships heading to China and returning home to Portugal.

Air Keroh lies about 15 km east of Melaka Town, a tourist complex with hotels, golf courses, recreational forest, a zoo, a reptile park, butterfly farm, crocodile farm, aquarium, Mini Malaysia and Mini Asean.

Bukit China is situated southeast of Malacca Town, about 148 metres above sea level and covers an area of 42 hectares.

There are more than 12,500 graves on Bukit China including approximately 20 Muslim tombs. The existence of these Muslim tombs has made this Chinese cemetery all the more special and unique. Bukit China is also believed to be the oldest and largest traditional Chinese cemetery outside China. According to our records, there were also graves of Kapitans and early Chinese immigrants on the hill long before the hill was purchased from the Dutch Government in 1685 by Capitan Lee Wei King and donated to the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple as a burial ground for the Chinese community in Malacca.

The oldest tomb, more than three centuries old, is a double burial. The tomb of Mr. & Mrs. Huang Wei-Hung (situated near the basketball court of SRJK Pay Fong III) was built in the second year of Tian Hee of Ming Dynasty (1622). The weather had taken a heavy toll on the tomb, and in 1933 Cheng Hoon Teng Temple had undertaken to repair it. A stone inscription was erected to mark it. The tomb was again restored in 2001.

Bukit China Bukit China

Since the British rule until today, there had been several attempts to acquire Bukit China for road widening, land reclamation and development purposes. However, Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, which is responsible for the management of the hill, had strongly opposed these attempts. With the support of the general public, Cheng Hoon Teng Temple managed to preserve Bukit China. Bukit China is the place where early traders from China were buried.

It was stated on the stone steles that many of the Chinese traders came to this country with high expectations for success in trade. Sadly, some died before fulfilling their ambitions. Since their families did not travel with them, there was no one to pray for their souls. As such, prayers were initiated by the Chinese Kapitans for them. However, these were always hampered by strong winds and heavy rainfalls because there was no proper shelter.

Cheng Hoon Teng's Temple

Cheng Hoon Teng is a premier historical monument that has survived the ravages of time. It remains the finest of Chinese temples in Malaysia – a fact underscored by an UNESCO award for outstanding architectural restoration. The temple ranks among the most significant in Southeast Asia, being central to the spiritual aspirations of the Chinese community in historic Malacca.

This site is dedicated to the vision of Cheng Hoon Teng’s founders and the determination of its devotees to preserve their unique bastion of culture and heritage.

Christ Church

Situated near Jalan Laksamana and Jalan Gereja in Melaka city. 

This is a churh built in 1753 by Dutch to commemorate a century of their rule. It is reputed as the oldest protestant church in Malaysia. It is now an Anglican Church. The building shows the ingenuity of the Dutch architectural world. The beams were constructed from cutting and carving from a single tree and have no joints. The hand-made pews dated back some 200 years. The altar is a beautiful piece of the 'Last Supper' done in glazed tiles.

Gadek Hot Spring

Located in the District of Alor Gajah, approximately 30 km away from Malacca. It was believed that local villagers discovered the hot spring in the forest after watching some English soldiers settled around the spring. After the war, visitors from far and wide discovered that the hot spring had strong healing elements unlike many that they had encountered before. Today visitors can enjoy the spa pool or the "Soak In Pool" for those seeking therapeutic cure for skin ailments. A restuarant and playground is made available to provide additional attractions for visitors. An ideal spot for family outing.

Hang Jebat’s Mausoleum

Hang Jebat's Mausoleum

Hang Jebat was the champion of justice who died a tragic death. Hang Jebat was unceremoniously killed by Hang Tuah in a duel of honour that lasted 3 days and 3 nights. He ran amuck after suffering a fatal wound from Hang Tuah's dagger 'Keris Taming Sari.' In the name of justice to avenge the Sultan's hasty punishment against Hang Tuah for a crime he didn't commit. Hang Jebat was accused by Hang Tuah of 'derhaka' (contumacy). The duel between two of Malacca's most prominent knights has left a permanent question as to the moral behind Hang Jebat's aberrant reaction against authority and the conventions by which Hang Tuah exercised his conduct as a loyal subject of the Sultan.

Jonker Street

A definite haven for antique collectors and bargain hunters. Authentic artifacts and relics. some dating as far back as 300 years, can be found among a host of interesting collectibles, each with its own history and mystery. Jalan Hang Jebat, formerly known as Jonker Street, is known worldwide among famous antique collectors as one of the best places to hunt and bargain for antiques.

Melaka's Sultanate Palace

Malacca Sultanate Palace is an exquisite piece of Malay architecture and is a replica of the original 15th century palace of Malacca's extinct Sultanate. The palace is built based on sketches found in the ancient Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals). This wooden replica of the Sultan's palace houses the Malacca Cultural Museum.

Facing the palace is the Historic City Memorial Garden. An intriguing monument to commemorate the declaration of Malacca as a Historic City is the showpiece of this garden. The monument is topped with a replica of a Malay royal headdress, a symbol of Malaysians' allegiance to the throne. 

Resourceless Malacca with a Iand area of only 1,638 sq. metres practises a two-pronged development via industrialisation and tourism.

The state started inviting over foreign investors in the early 7Os and since then has met with commendable success. By end of 1997, the state had registered a total investment of over RM16 bil., leading to over 80,000 job opportunities.

There are now 23 industrial estates with nearly 500 factories coming from the United States, Germany, Japan, Taiwan and also Singapore.

Their products range from rubber gloves to sophisticated weaponry components and from footwear to computer parts.

The state is also keen on the development of small-scale industries and to accommodate these, a number of estates have been earmarked for them. The Tanjung Kling and Batu Berendam areas are Free Trade Zones where imported materials used in manufacture are tax-free.

Current projections include developing Malacca into a manufacturing haven to help achieve developed country status by 2020.Over 140 acres in Pegoh, Alor Gajah, have been earmarked for the automotive industry for the production of defence trucks by DRH-Hicom.

This industry is expected to provide opportunities for supporting industries, like mould and die, metal stamping, plastic injection, alternators and many others.

ANTIQUE SHOPS AND THE MODERN SHOPPING MALLS

Malacca is truly an antique shopper's paradise. Many artifacts and authentic antique items are available at more than 15 antique shops lining the busy streets of Jonker Street, affectionately known as the "street of antiques" and is well known among the international antique collectors. The street is named Jalan Hang Jebat today. Along the streets, one can find houses built in the 17th century, still standing strong and housing generations of Malaccans.

The streets are very narrow and most are converted into one-way streets. Most of the houses are very spacious, has an air-well and occupies up to 50 metres in length. It's along these streets one will find the unmistakable historical charm that is uniquely Malacca. Apart from antique shops, one can also find a few art galleries and some antique furniture shops that cater to international visitors.

Opposite the padang Pahlawan, within a short walking distance from the Dutch square is the largest shopping mall in Malacca - The Mahkota Parade. Its modern facilites and well-managed shop fronts (over 150 of them) offer visitors the comfort and luxury of shopping for just about everything under the sun "under one roof".

There are over 30 stalls in the food courts, numerous fast food chains, restaurants and even ice cream parlours to satisfy the youngest and toughest of shoppers. For entertainment, there's also a cineplex for viewing the latest movies, family video games arcade,. spa and a 30 lane spanking new bowling complex.

Introduction of financial and monetary system

The Malaysian financial system has emerged stronger and more diversified and competitive since the Asian financial crisis. And that is because The Malaysian financial landscape has undergone continuous transformation in the last decade, driven by financial liberalization and consolidation, economic transformation, technological advancements and more discerning consumers.

The Malaysian economy was flourishing prior to the crisis, with strong broad-based economic growth amidst low and stable inflation. Growth in gross domestic product averaged 8% for eight consecutive years, with low unemployment and high domestic savings. Coupled with a strong fiscal surplus and low foreign indebtedness, Malaysia’s economic fundamentals were relatively strong. The banking sector was also at its strongest position following periods of regulatory enhancements. At the time, Malaysia had already complied with 22 of the 25 Bank for International Settlements Core Principles. These developments attracted the influx of capital flows, prompting the government to introduce

Measures to prevent further overheating in the economy and address the vulnerabilities that emerged. Despite the strong fundamentals and responses of the government, the country was hit by the crisis through contagion. When all that happens the government is the one to take responsibilities on what to do.

Financial systems are crucial to the allocation of resources in a modern economy but They seeks the efficient allocation of resources among savers and borrowers. A healthy financial system requires, among other things, efficient and solvent financial intermediaries, efficient and deep markets, and a legal framework that defines clearly the rights and obligations of all agents involved.and the function of financial system is that; Financial systems help inform your organization’s planningand action plans. Financial systems also help you track and manage the resources required to successfully complete your work. These tips provide basic practices you will need to build financial sustainability in your organization.

Other reasons why developing financial systems are important include:

Financial systems and capacity help the organization to make sound decisions based on cash flow and available resources

Monitoring funds, or comparing actual income and expenses versus budgeted amounts, helps managers ensure that the necessary funds are in place to complete an activity

Most governments require that registered, charitable organizations create accounts that track income and expenses

Funders require reports that demonstrate that grants were used for intended purposes

Establishing financial controls and clear accounting procedures help ensure that funds are used for intended purposes

Transparency, clear planning and realistic projections contributes to the credibility of the organization.

FINANCIAL CONTROLS AND MONITORING

Accounting Records

Financial Planning

Financial Monitoring and Reporting

Governing Board

Internal Control

Establish a process that records every financial transaction by maintaining paper files, an

electronic database, and copying all records in a virtual library. Your organization needs to be able to demonstrate what funds were received and how funds were spent. A system should also be developed to track donations from individuals to keep donors updated of the organization’s progress or to solicit annual and repeat contributions. A separate accounting system should be developed for funding from foundations with the original proposal and budget, dates of receipt of funds, notes on allowable expenditures, and reporting requirements so that you can respond to funders’ requests for financial records or in case of audits.

Financial planning converts your organization’s objectives into a budget. The budget serves as a critical planning guide for your staff and governing board. It is a public record for funders of how you intend to spend the funds received. Financial planning allows you to review your organization, examining successes and challenges in the past. Planning also enables you to make projections and set targets, informing strategies for future success.

Drawing from the information in the accounting records, your organization can create internal reports that help monitor progress by comparing budgets to actual expenses. Frequent reviews and monitoring allows the governing board and staff to measure your organization’s progress and helps inform decisionmaking about the organization’s or a project’s future. Internal reports, sometimes called management reports, allow you to be forward thinking as you assess the financial status of the organization and what will be needed to realize your goals. Accounting records are also the source for creating external financial reports that demonstrate to funders and other stakeholders how funds have been spent. Funders may require financial reports at the completion of the project or periodically during the project’s implementation.

A governing board, whether comprised by a board of directors or leadership from the community, serves as stewards of an organization’s resources. Governing boards should participate in approving budgets, financial monitoring and reviews, and agree upon and ensure that internal controls are implemented. The board treasurer who has skills in accounting should be the lead person in working with the staff in ensuring financial accountability

Controls are organizational practices that help safeguard your assets and ensure that money is being handled properly. Controls help detect errors in accounting, prevent fraud or theft, and help support the people responsible for handling your organization’s finances. Employing financial systems that help build checks and balances, support your program planning ability, and increase your success with budgeting and assessing progress in programming, can significantly advance an organization’s capacity to begin thinking about long-term plans and financial sustainability.

Financia markets include the following;

Debt markets- Debt markets are physical and virtual forums and sets of rules that allow investors, issuers, and intermediaries to perform issuance, placement, distribution, and trading operations with the debt instruments registered in the National Securities Registry. Debt instruments are also known as fixed-rate instruments since they promise the holder a fixed cash flow and payments that are determined in accordance with a specified, pre-established formula.

Stock markets- Stock markets are physical and virtual forums and sets of rules that allow investors, issuers, and intermediaries to perform issuance, placement, distribution, and trading operations with the shares registered in the National Securities Registry

Derivatives- Through a derivatives market, participants enter into contracts with instruments whose value is derived or contingent upon the value of another asset or other assets, known as the underlying asset or assets. The key purpose of a derivatives market is to provide financial hedging or investment instruments in order to foster adequate risk management.

Foreign exchange- On a foreign exchange market, buyers and sellers trade foreign currency. The volume of foreign currency transactions determines the daily prices of various currencies , and the exchange rate with respect to the national currency.

Set of mechanisms by which a government provides money in a country's economy. It usually consists of a mint,central bank, and commercial banks OR is anything that is a ccepted as a standard of value and measure of wealth in a particular region.

http://www.monetarysystem.com/images/person.png

E-BankSupport- E- BankSupport furnishes the infrastructure services necessary to set up and maintain Monetary System applications. Through strategic relationships with vendors and software developers, E- BankSupport keeps users productive, systems humming and bank clients moving forward and equipped with the hardware and programs required for competition in this digital world. Multiple dimensions of product support are available to all participants in the Monetary System Network, including remote control digital diagnostics and systems repair.

E-BankDocs- E-BankDocs permits you to selectively grant access to privileged information to lawyers, accountants, regulators and consultants as required. Just set up their user privileges and walk away.  E- BankDocs can help speed these reviews to completion, and keep these people out of your office as much as possible.

E-BankForms- E- BankForms is our brilliant document creation application that can have anyone creating on-line forms in minutes. Choose from a wide variety of formatting options. Add, delete, or change the layout of a questionnaire with a couple mouse clicks.  Designating recipients of the data you collect is as simple as adding an email address. Publish your forms on-line instantly, without resorting to special purpose software. Get the jump on your competition with instant notifications of on-line responses. E- BankForms can add whole new dimensions to your marketing, sales, mortgage processing and administrative operations.  

Employ-E-Room- Employ-E-Room adapts the Monetary System’s capabilities to the needs of employee’s. Keep a comprehensive file of all your personnel forms on-line, and download or print hard copies on-demand and anywhere. Configure them for on-line completion and keep the information you get back safe from prying eyes. Store your policy statements in a place where employees can readily consult them, and managers can easily update them. Post employee directories and get rid of that hard copy phone book. Empoy-E-Room puts it all in reach.

E-Board- The core of the Monetary System is E-Board. This powerhouse application brings boardroom management to the E-age. It’s never been so easy to build and organize an electronic filing cabinet for your official records.  Store minutes, financials and reports in an electronic bank vault accessible only to your Board and designated staff members. E-Boards built-in communications functionality ensures that information gets information to the people who need it faster, and at lower costs. Authorized users can send bulletins, schedule meetings and retrieve important files and documentation themselves, without assistance, postage or wait time.

Available networking functions let you extend E-Board’s utility to the Boardroom itself, and give you even more control over paper flow. Download material to your   laptop computers for complete portability. Link units together for dynamic, paperless presentations. Update information in real time across the table or across the state.

This is Preview only. If you need the solution of this assignment, please send us email with the complete assignment title: ProfessorKamranA@gmail.com

Impact Of Industrialized Wheat Farming History Essay

 

Industrialization had a great impact on all areas of economy; agriculture included; it came as a result of the problems and hardships which the farmers were experiencing in that era. Also the need for mass production of agricultural produce pushed for industrialization. Industrialization is defined as a process of economic or social change where by a society is transformed from a non industrial state to an industrial state. Industrialization is characterized by technological innovations and advancements.

The region of southern plains comprises of the states of:

Texas,

New Mexico,

Arkansas,

Oklahoma.

This regions climate is diverse; it ranges from subtropical climate to desert climate (United States Department of Agriculture). As wheat unlike many other crops does not require a lot of moisture, it did well in these regions ever since they began producing it. Industrialization in the USA is believed to have transformed farming methods from primitive ways to modern ways which also helped transform the whole U.S.A economy. According to About.com, the history of agriculture in the USA saw some notable changes which included, emergence of rubber tires for tractors and other machinery, and increased production of farm produce to emergence of machinery use.

During this era of the 1930s, wheat was so much in demand and it was one of the most used produce. (1930’s Dust Bowl). According to Wessels: Living history Farm, it is suggested that industrialization came in handy to the farmers, before the emergence of use of machines, human energy was applied during farming, digging, weeding and harvesting were all manually done, these had an effect on the out put of the from the farms with increased demand for the produce new means of farming had to be improvised. It is also during this period that the American economy had experienced the great depression, which had an impact on the acquisition of the farm machinery which was to replace human and animal energy input in the farms.

During this era (1930s), some of the machines desired and made for wheat farming were:

Plows: which for the first time were mounted on tractors they replaced those which where mounted on horse pulled carriages

Planters: which were made and adopted for their accuracy and speed in seed distribution, they could also do a lot of work as compared to the ones they used before.

Mechanical cultivators: which emerged with the invention of tricycle tractors

Harvesters: invented in 1935 and could be operated by one person and saved the cost of hiring hundreds of people to clear the firms.

In the southern plains, when farmers adopted industrialized wheat production in the 1930’s a lot in the region and in the whole country changed. This southern plains region is where wheat farming was dominant, and was a great source of economy for the country.

Due to much demand for the wheat and availability of farming tools, vast grass lands were cleared and ploughed, this had an effect in the environment, as the open land was susceptible to soil erosion which affected the wheat growing region (Encyclopedia of Oklahoma history and Culture). This was also cited as the major cause of the 1930’s dust bowl; the dust storms. This was because of the mass clearing of the vegetation to provide enough land to plant more wheat due to the demand that had come and The southern plains states where the chief suppliers of wheat: For example Panhandle millions of acres had been cleared. During the 1934 up to 1936 drought hit the land and it dried and due to lack of vegetation cover, the land was open and dust storms hit the region. After the drought, there also came a session of heavy rainfall that caused destructive floods.

Industrialized wheat farming in the southern plains had made farmers acquire farming machinery and equipment that were expensive, many farmers had got the machinery on credit and this was a strain to them, during the great depression, and the time of the drought, farming had become a nightmare as there was no money and rain to ensure a successful farming. Many farmers lacked money to pay for the maintenance of their farming equipments. This also led to over cultivating of the land in order to increase their income.

Availability of farming machinery and use of them ensured an increased cultivation of land and explained above, which consequently caused destruction of the land through soil erosion. As a result, this brought about a new concern of soil conservation that also led to new farming techniques and methods, (1930’s dust bowl)

Due to mass production of wheat brought about by industrialization, their excessive supply which forced the prices to go down. This was also another blow to the farmers who were also recovering from the depression of 1930. They needed supplementary income and this also led to advancements of farming methods.

Due to the use of machines and other farm equipments there was reduction of farm workers needed to do the task, one harvester could harvest wheat in large scale more than what human labor could do (Schillinger and Papendick)

Despite the great depression experienced, the industrialized wheat production had a very good impact on the farmers. According to (Schillinger and Papendick) the life of the rural Americans who farmed wheat had began to greatly change. Horses where replaced by the fuel driven tractors, there was also a tremendous change in the way farming was conducted. These were also the period when there were wars and this had increased the demand for wheat, this also led to rural electrification which made life simpler and good in the rural farms.

Industrialized wheat production also led to growth of the other sectors of the economy. The machinery demand caused a rise and establishment of heavy machinery firms that satisfied the demand for the machinery and also for spare parts. Also the need for metals to make the machinery saw the emergence of metal industries consequently many people were employed to work in the firms and this saw a rise for new Labour force.

Industrialized wheat farming in the southern plains also led to specialization in different areas of production. Due to demands for mass production, wheat farmers who had combined wheat farming and keeping of animals turned to wheat production only. This also made sure that animal farmers also specialized in rearing their animals and their industry also grew.

Industrialized wheat production did well to the southern plains by boosting their image. For example, Panhandle’s Texas County become one of the most important region in the whole country as it was the nations top producer of wheat with also other southern plain regions following behind.

The industrialized farming also led to major improvements in the manufacturing of fertilizers: For example the N fertilizer. There was N deficiency in the soils due to years of continued cultivation. The rotational growing of legumes to supply N was not possible because of the dry environment. When this fertilizer was invented, the crops had supply of nutrients from another source apart from water supply (Schillinger and Papendick).

In the 1920s the first major diseases had emerged and they affected farmers seriously. By 1932, with industrialization, scientist had invented agrochemicals which were helpful in fighting the diseases. Oregon Agricultural college release Alicel and Elgin id 1919 1d 1932 respectively (Schillinger and Papendick).

Industrialization also comes with its risks, use of machines and equipments also posed a health risk to the people who were involved in their operation. Accidents in the farms, pollution from the fuel powered machinery began to affects health of the people operating the machinery and also those in the regions where the machines were being utilized (Two Green Thumbs Down-Way down)

Industrialization led to the need for vast pieces lands due to the need of mass production to satisfy the high demand for wheat that was created due to the wars. This led to displacement of residents of the lands who where to create more land for farming. As a result other small scale farmers lost their lands to the large scale farmers, as mass production was believed to be the main trend in farming (Two Green Thumbs Down-Way down).

The emergence of industries and more milling factories and other industries that came up because of the wheat factory, led to urbanization of the rural area close to the firming areas. Facilities like electricity penetrated in the rural areas and this generally meant improved life styles among the natives. This also saw growth of small towns to big towns which also became trading centers.

Industrialized production included the use of farming chemicals. These Agrochemicals led to emergency of new diseases as they hazardous to life. The sprayed chemicals could move by air and water and affect people even in the neighboring southern plains regions. Also with much development in the agrochemicals sector, more and more diseases emerged and pose a threat to health of people (Two Green Thumbs Down-Way down).

Industrialized wheat production caused job losses. This is due to the massive usage of machines which replaced human labor. Many people were forced to look for other ways to satisfy their daily needs. This also caused rural urban migration as people went to look for employment.

As seen from the above points, industrialized wheat production had great impact on the southern plains region. The impacts were both positive and negative, but for the positive impact seems to out weigh the negative effects. Industrialized wheat production was a sign of overall nation prosperity that saw the emergency of even other industries in that time. Mass production also saw a start of a period of specialization that led to production of high quality produce with high quality. Such produce fetched a lot of money.

The great 1930 depression also affected the production of wheat at that time but due to the high demand of wheat the great southern plains region still prospered. Industrialized agriculture also as indicated in this work also saw the invention of new agrochemicals that proved to be good in fighting the common wheat diseases that had terrorized the wheat farms. Industrialized farming was indeed benefit to the local small scale farmers who had a big demand that they couldn’t satisfy.

On the negative side as seen in the above work, the sand storm which occurred after the three year drought was also to a bigger percentage caused by the mass cultivation of the wheat, the land was cleared and when it dried due to large number of horses and lack of vegetation the soil was loose and this made the place be susceptible to the sand storms that hit the region and disrupted normal human life. The use of the pesticides to be sprayed on the wheat farms, the fertilizers were also health hazards that were associated with emergence of new diseases that were know to claim lives. All in all this negative effect should be seen as the cost of a change change in agriculture that brought new life style to the natives of the Great Plains region, therefore after analyzing these two sides we can conclude that, industrialized wheat production had a lot of effect to the southern plains region.

This is Preview only. If you need the solution of this assignment, please send us email with the complete assignment title: ProfessorKamranA@gmail.com