The Processes Leading To Skeletal Muscle Contraction Biology Essay

Biology » The Processes Leading To Skeletal Muscle Contraction Biology Essay

Essay title Give an overview of the processes that lead to skeletal muscle contraction (50%). Discuss how these processes are disturbed by muscular dystrophies and discuss one particular dystrophy in detail (50%).

Muscle contraction is when a tension is made from an action potential to cause a movement in of the muscle, this requires interactions between actin filaments and myosin. The Skeletal muscles contract in a sliding filament model: Firstly an action potential that comes from the CNS reaches an alpha motor neuron. This then transmits an action potential down its axon. The action potential then spreads by activating the sodium dependent channels near to the synaptic cleft along the axon. The action potential them reaches the motor neuron terminal and so causes a calcium ion influx through the calcium dependent channels.

The influx of the Ca2+ causes exocitosis of the vesicles containing acetylcholine so it fuses with the plasma membrane and releases acetylcholine into the extracellular space. The acetylcholine then diffuses across the synapse and binds to the nicotinic receptors on the motor end of the muscle cell. When the nicotinic receptor is activated, the sodium/potassium channels open and cause sodium ions to enter in a surge and potassium ions go out. The overall charge on the muscle fibre becomes positive due to the difference in potential (voltage) from sodium in the muscle fibre and potassium outside the muscle fibre. This causes an action potential. As the action potential spreads across the muscle fibre it becomes depolarized.

The depolarization of the muscle fibre activates the voltage dependent calcium channels in the T tubule membrane. The Sarcoplasmic reticulum then releases calcium due to the activated calcium release channels. The calcium then binds to the troponin C which is on the actin containing thin filaments of the myofibrils. This causes the troponin to modulate the tropomyosin. Normally the tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding sites on the thin filament but, the calcium binding to the troponin C causes unblocking of the binding sites.

Myosin can then bind to the newly uncovered binding sites on the thin filament. They are bound to the actin in the strong binding state. When the ATP binds the myosin it allows the release of actin becomes a weaker binding state. The myosin then hydrolyzes the ATP and uses the energy to move into the correct conformation. Calcium is actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and when calcium is no longer present on the thin filament, the tropomyosin changes conformation back to its previous state so it blocks the binding sites again. The myosin stops binding to the thin filament, and the contractions stop.

There are many types of dystrophies that can affect the processes involved in skeletal muscle contraction. One such dystrophy

is the becker muscular dystrophy is a less severe variant of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and is caused by the production of a partially functional form of dystrophin.

Another dystrophy is the congenital muscular dystrophy which includes several disorders with a range of symptoms. Muscle degeneration can be severe as problems may be restricted to skeletal muscle, or muscle degeneration could be paired with the effects on the brain and other organ systems. There are a number of the forms of the congenital muscular dystrophies that are caused by defects in proteins and are thought to have some link to the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. Some types of congenital muscular dystrophy show severe brain malformations.

Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy is one that people normally show signs of in childhood and the early teenage years. Clinical signs can include weakness and wasting of the muscles, this can start in the distal limb muscles and progress to the limb-girdle muscles. Most of the patients usually also suffer from arrhythmias or cardiac conduction defects. If they’re left untreated, there is an increase in the risk of stroke and possible death.

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is a dystrophy that at first affects the muscles in the face, shoulders, and upper arms as they become weaker. The Symptoms are shown in the teenage years and some people who are affected can become severely disabled. The pattern of inheritance is autosomal dominant, but the underlying genetic defect is inadequately understood.

The Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy shows a similar distribution of muscle weakness, affecting both the upper arms and legs. Many forms of this dystrophy have been identified through varying patterns of inheritance. In the autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, an person would have two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent. The recessive ones are more common than the dominant forms and can usually have childhood or teenage onset. The dominant genes usually show adult onset. There are some of the recessive forms that have been linked to defects in proteins that make up the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.

Myotonic muscular dystrophy is the most common adult form of muscular dystrophy. It is known for muscle wasting and weakness. Myotonic dystrophy varies in seriousness and affects many body systems in addition to skeletal muscles, which include the heart, gastrointestinal tract and the endocrine organs. Myotonic dystrophy follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. While the exact mechanism of action is not known, the molecular change could interfere with the production of vital muscle proteins.

One particular dystrophy known as the Duchenne muscular dystrophy, is a neuromuscular disorder. It’s an inherited disorder with an incidence of 1 in 3300 live male births.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a devastating inherited neuromuscular disorder with an incidence of 1:3,300 live male births.

In patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, muscle biopsy characteristically demonstrates necrotic or degenerating muscle fibres, often observed in clusters.

Such necrotic fibres are surrounded by macrophages and CD4+ lymphocytes.

In the early stages of the disease, one also finds small immature centrally nucleated fibres which represent muscle regeneration from myoblasts. This indicates that there is balance between necrotic and regenerative processes.

Later, the regenerative capacity of the muscles appears to be exhausted and muscle fibres are gradually replaced by connective and adipose tissue

The gene responsible for this defect codes for the protein dystrophin.

It is the absence of dystrophin that leads to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, the comprehensive understanding as to how the absence of this protein leads to muscular degeneration is still not fully understood.

Dystrophin is found in the vicinity of many other proteins and these all form a large complex.

The best studied roles for the dystrophin-associated complex involves structural stabilization of the sarcolemma.

Mutations of other dystrophin-associated protein complex components also cause muscular dystrophy (see later) by disassembling the complex and compromising the linkage between the extracellular matrix of the fibres to the cytoskeleton.

The various pathophysiologic hypotheses for Duchenne muscular dystrophy include:

(i) mechanical hypothesis;

(ii) impaired calcium hypothesis;

Much old data had indicated that there appeared to be an excessive fragility of the muscle fibres in this disease.

The discovery of the dystrophin-associated protein complex scaffolding supported the view that the absence of one of these proteins could compromise the muscle membrane integrity of the fibres.

This could particular be so after sustained contractions, as the ability to sustain contraction with forced lengthening appears to be dramatically reduced in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

The absence of dystrophin results in a striking alteration in membrane structure related to delocalization of the dystrophin-associated proteins from the membrane. The dystrophin-associated complex together with additional proteins (e.g. vinculin, desmin, spectrin) normally form rib-like lattices on the cytoplasmic faces of the sarcolemma (these regions are called costameres): these anchor the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.

Costameres act as mechanical couplers to distribute contractile forces generated in the sarcomere laterally through the sarcolemma to the basal lamina and thereby maintain uniform sarcomere length along the fibre.

Absence of dystrophin, leads to the loss of the dystrophin-associated protein complex and disruption of the costameric lattice, and it is this that is thought to underlie membrane fragility.

Evidence for membrane fragility in patients is shown by cytoplasmic accumulation of proteins that are not normally present in muscle fibres, such as albumin and immunoglobulins. This indicates that the permeability of the muscle membrane has increased.

Other research would appear to indicate that exercise could provoke greater damage in dystrophin-deficient muscles than in controls.

These ideas clearly have some bearing on the possible management of the disease because whilst physical therapy appears to improve or stabilize muscle functions, too much exercise could lead to further muscle damage.

There is documentation of calcium accumulation and of hypercontracted fibres in muscle biopsies of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients.

In dystrophin-deficient membrane there is an increased flux of calcium which appears to occur through a voltage-independent mechanosensitive calcium channel.

However, measurements of the basal [Ca2+]i are normal and this could suggests that there may be only abnormal calcium concentrations at localized submembranous compartments.

If mechanical stress induces microlesions in the muscle fibres then this could lead to high influx of extracellular calcium and this could overide the cells capacity to maintain a physiological cytosolic concentration of calcium.

Clearly, higher [Ca2+]i can lead to the activation of proteases (e.g. calpains) and this can lead to further damage and even lead to apoptosis and cell death.

Muscles of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy exhibit inflammatory changes.

It would seem that selective chemokine up-regulation may be a key determinant in the inflammatory response. However, no studies have provided any direct insights into the mechanisms implicated in cell death.

Nevertheless, corticosteroids, which have potent anti-inflammatory effects, are the most common used drugs in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

e.g. prednisolone treated patients experience significant delay in the disease progression, they are able to move about freely for longer and there is prevention of curvature of the spine.

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The First Case In Phytopathogenic Bacteria Ralstonia Solancearum Biology Essay

Biology » The First Case In Phytopathogenic Bacteria Ralstonia Solancearum Biology Essay

Filamentous phages belong to the genus Inovirus, members of which infect almost exclusively Gram-negative bacteria. The virions of these phages are slender filaments usually about 6 nm in diameter and 800–2000 nm long, comprising a helical capsid of several thousand copies of the major coat protein (pVIII) surrounding a single-stranded circular DNA genome about of 5–8 kb, encoding around 10 genes (Marvin, 1998). These phages usually use type IV pili as receptors to infect bacterial cells (Marvin, 1998).

Infection of bacteriophage to the host cells causes many change in morphology, physiology and genetics. Webbs et al. (2004) found that Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a human lung pathogen, to be form small colony variant (SCV) caused by Pf4 phage infection. Infection of Pf5 phage was reported to be increase the virulence of P. aeruginosa (). Moreover, virulence factor of pathogenic bacterias have been shown to be encoded by prophage (Brussow et al., 2004). CTX phage was reported to be increase the virulence of host bacteria, Vibrio cholera, by promoting CT toxin that affect to the development cholera disease (Davis and Waldor, 2003). Indeed, the define exotoxin from pathogenic bacteria, Shiga toxin by Escherichia coli (Johannes and Römer, 2010); botulism toxin by; diptheria toxin by , have been show to be expressed from phage-encoded gene.

In Phytopathogenic bacteria, phages have been reporting to infects and affects the virulence of host bacteria. Filamentous phage Xf and Xf2 were reported to infect Xanthomonas campestris pv oryzae NP5850 and caused increasing virulence due to overproduction of extracellular polysaccharides (Kamiunten and Wakitomo, 1982). Moreover, Tseng et al. (1990) reported that filamentous phage Lf which infect X. campestris pv campestri increased virulence by promoting EPS production.

Recently, Yamada et al. (2007) have been succeed to isolate various bacteriophage that infect phytopathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. Moreover, Kawasaki et al. (2008) characterized the genome of two kind of Ff-like phage (inoviridae),RSS1 and RSM1, were have host genome integration activity. Askora et al. (2009) also found a Ff-like phage, RSM3 and RSM4, that are enhance bacterial cell aggregation and reduce the bacterial host virulence. However, detailed information of cell aggregation and reducing virulence is unclear.

R. solanacearum, a widely distributed soil-borne pathogen belonging to the ß subdivision of Proteobacteria, causes a lethal wilting disease of more than 200 plants species including economically important crops (Hayward, 2000). During infection, bacterial express virulence and pathogenicity factors resulting in typical wilting symptoms. Virulence and pathogenicity of R. solanacearum was known controlled by T2SS and T3SS (Poueymiro and Genin, 2009). As virulence factors, R. solanacearum produce consortium of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), which are secreted via the type II secretion system (T2SS), such as ß-1,4-endoglucanase (Egl), endopolygalacturonase (PehA), exopolygalacuturonases (PehB and PehC), ß -1,4-cellobiohydrolase (CbhA) and a pectin methyl esterase (Pme) (Denny et al., 1990; González and Allen 2003; Huang and Allen 2000; Tans-Kersten et al., 1998). Moreover, secretion of protein (T3Es) via Type III Secretion System (T3SS) was known as important factor of bacteria pathogenicity. Loss of these secretions causes the loss ability to infect host-plant (Genin et al., 2005). During pathogen infection into plant host, plant will enhance and alter some physiological chance to challenge pathogen infection such as expression of pathogenesis-related gene that encode pathogenesis related protein (PR-protein). Hase et al. (2006) showed that Tomato pathogen infection, Pythium oligandrum, was shown high expression of PR-2b, PR-3b and PR-5b gene of plant which related to the expression of PR-protein. Moreover, Aime et al. (2008) compared infection tomato plant with virulence and avirulent strain of Fusaium oxysporum which showed high accumulation of 5 PR-protein in root and leaves of tomato inoculated with virulent strain compared with avirulent strain.

In this study, we showed an evidance of avirulent formation of R. solanacearum after infection by filamentous phage RSM3.This study was conducted both in bacterial cell and in the interaction of host-pathogen.

To observe the culture color, a single colony of Twenty four house cultures in CPG Agar of Ralstonia solanacearum was picked-up and transfer to CPG broth and was incubated in 28OC with shaking 250-300 rpm until 3 days. Changing of culture color was recorded every day. Culture characteristic on CPG agar was determined by streak plate of OD600 1.0 of 24 hours bacterial culture. To obtain a single colony size, a twenty four hours culture was recovered by centrifugation and was washed two times with ddH2O and was adjusted OD600 of 0.1 and was streaked onto CPG and MM agar. Observation was done after 48 hour of incubation in 28OC.

Twenty four hours cultures in CPG of R. solanacearum was adjusted to OD600 of 0.01 as initial OD with CPG Broth. The culture was incubated in 28OC with shaking 250-300 rpm and was measured the OD600 every 1 hour grown for 1 day at 28OC. Curve of bacterial growth was calculated using absorbance on OD600 and time of incubation. To observe the change of characteristic of liquid culture, bacteria was cultured in liquid CPG for 3 days and observed for color change of liquid CPG medium.

Aggregation assay was performed from Bacterial cell from Twenty four hours cultures in CPG bya harvested cells by centrifugation at 15,000 x rpm for 2 min at 4°C, washed three times with ddH2O and adjusted the OD660 of 1.0 with 1 x PBS pH 7.0. Suspension was incubated without agitation in 28OC. absorbance at 660 nm of upper suspension (100 µL) was measured after 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h of incubation. Percentage of aggregation curves were then constructed following the formula (Eboigbodin et al, 2005).

% Aggregation= OD0- ODtOD0 x 100

where OD0 is the optical density at 660 nm of bacteria immediately after resuspended with 1 x PBS and ODt is the optical density after particular time.

Cultures of R. solanacearum were grown for 1 day at 28OC in CPG broth. Bacterial cells were obtain by centrifugation at 15.000 rpm, 4OC, for 2 minutes and were washed with ddH2O two times. Pellet was resuspended with ddH2O and was adjusted the OD600 to 1.0. Fifty microliter of suspension was dropped into test media for each assay (MM for twitiching motility, SWM for swimming motility and SRM for swarming motility). Motility was observed by measuring the diameter of dropped-culture up to 6 days.

To test the movement in tomato stem, GFP-expressing strain was used in the experiment. Both strains, MAFF106603 contain pRSS12 and its infected cell by FRSM3 was grown in CPG media for 24 hours. Bacterial cells were obtain by centrifugation at 15.000 rpm, 4OC, for 2 minutes and were washed with ddH2O two times. Pellet was resuspended with ddH2O and was adjusted the OD600 to 1.0. One microliter of suspension was injected into tomato stem between cotyledon and the first leaf and incubated at 28OC. After 1 week incubation, plant stem was cut 20 µm in thickness with microtome and then observed using a Leica MZ16 microscope with GFP3 filter.

Total endoglucanase activity was quantified by measuring the reduction sugar (Nelson, 1944) released during incubation at 50OC for 4 hours with 4 mg/ml of carboxyl metylcellulose in 120 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) In soluble material was removed by low speed centrifugation before absorbency readings were taken on 540 nm. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as releasing 1 nmole/minute of glucose.

Cultures of R. solanacearum were grown for 3 days at 28OC in EG broth (Denny et al., 1990). To recover EPS, culture supernatants were adjusted to 0.1 M NaCl and 4 volume of acetone were added. After incubating overnight at 4OC, precipitated material was recovered by centrifugation (15.000 rpm, 10 minutes, 4OC), dissolved in 200 µl of ddH2O, heated at 65OC for 10 minutes and centrifuged for 5 minutes to remove in soluble material. The concentration of hexosamine in culture supernatants was estimated with a modified Elson and Morgan reaction. Appropriately diluted samples (0.45 ml) were mixed with 0.15 ml of concentrated HCl, hydrolyzed at boiled water (110OC) for 30 minutes in sealed tube and the colorimetric assay performed. The results were read at OD530, the background due to residual media components substraced, and the hexosamine concentration determined from N-acetyl D-glucosamine standard curve. N-acetyl D-glucosamine standards were subjected to the entire analysis procedure beginning with hydrolysis step.

Cells of R. solanacearum strains were streaked heavily on minimal medium plates (Clough et al., 1994) and incubated for about 22-24 hours. The colonies were washed off in a small volume of 10 mM Tris-HCL buffer pH 8, and the cell suspension was forced five times through a 25-gauge hypodermic needle. Bacterial cells were removed by centrifugation with a R12A2 rotor in a Hitachi himac CR21E centrifuge at 8,000× rpm for 20 min at 4°C. The bacterial surface appendages were collected by ultracentrifugation with a R12A2 rotor in a Hitachi himac CR21E centrifuge at 136,000×g for 60min. Precipitated exostructure were subjected to Tris-Tricine PAGE according to Schagger and von Jagow (1987).

All strains, R. solanacearum MAFF106603 and its infected cell by FRSM3, were grown in Minimal Medium (MM) at 28OC for 24 hours. The new sub culture were made by adjusting the OD600 to 0.02-0.03 in new MM and continued growing to reach OD600 of 0.1.

Total RNA was prepared from 3 ml of the exponential phase culture with RNeasy Mini columns (Qiagen), and was eluted in 60 µl of DEPC-treated water. The total RNA was treated with Recombinant DNase I (Takara) to remove any genomic DNA contamination by incubation with 10 U of RNase-free DNase I for 30 min at 37°C. The DNaseI was inactivated by phenol/chloroform extraction method. To confirm the presence of DNA contaminant, a 30 PCR cycles was performed using a gene specific primer (Table 1.) with DNA genome of MAFF106603 as a positive control.

The cDNA of target genes was synthezed by using M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase RNase H- (ReverTra Ace, Toyobo, Osaka). Specific primers were designed using the Primer3 (v.0.4.0) software (http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/#PRIMER_MAX_TEMPLATE_MISPRIMING) and were checked for gene specificity using DDBJ/Blast (v.2.2.18). Breafly, 20 µl of Reaction Mixture (5 µl of 0.1-1 µg total RNA, 1 µl of 5 pmoles of gene spesific primer, 4 µl of 5X ReverTra Ace Buffer, 2 µl of 10 mM dNTPs, 1 µl of 100 units ReverTra Ace and 7 µl of DEPC-treated water) was incubated for 60 minutes at 42OC and was inactivated by incubation at 99OC for 5 minutes. Negative control reactions to eliminate the possibility that residual DNA was amplified were performed in the same way, except that the RT was omitted from the reaction mixtures.

Real-time PCR was performed using a Line Gene Fluorescence quantitative detection system (BioFlux, Tokyo) with cDNAs prepared from R. solanacearum MAFF106603 strains. A PCR mixture containing SYBR-green (SYBR premix ExTaq, Takara Shuzo, Kyoto) was used. PCR reactions in a final volume of 10 µl reaction mixture containing 5 µl PCR mixture, 1 µl diluted cDNA and 0.5 µM each primer (Table 1.) were carried out under the following conditions: 3 min at 95°C and 45 cycles at 95°C for 10 s, 62°C for 10 s, and 72°C for 15 s. At the end of the program, the specificity of the primer set was confirmed by melting curve analysis (65-95°C with a heating rate of 0.5°C/min). The copy numbers of spesific target gene and 16s rRNA were estimated by comparing the results of real-time PCR with several dilutions (102, 103, 104, 105 copies/µl) of each gene. The mRNA level of 16s rRNA was used to normalize the expression ratio of each gene.

Table 1. Primers used in real-time qRT-PCR study

Target

Forward primer 5'–3'

Reverse primer 5'–3'

Size (bp)

egl

CAG CGC GAC CTA CTA CAA GA

299

hrpB

TTC TCG ATG ATG TAG CGA TAG G

238

phcB

CTA CCA GAT CGT CGT CAA TGA A

172

pehC

AGT CAA ACG ATT GCC TGA ACT A

227

16srRNA

CTA GAG TGT GTC AGA GGG AGG TAG A

349

Note. Bolded characters of oligo primer sequence refers to the Primer used in cDNA synthesis.

Table 2. The tested genes and their putative functions

Gene

Function

egl

Endoglucanase, enzyme which involved in degradation of plant cell wall glucans. (Roberts et al. 1988)

hrpB

Regulator the expression of T3SS biosynthesis genes, and probably >60 effector substrates, and T3SS-dependent export pathway (Occhialini et al., 2005).

phcB

Requiring for production of an extracellular factor (EF), identified as the fatty acid derivative 3-hydroxypalmitic acid methyl ester (3-OH PAME), which function as autoinducer (quorum sensing signal) in R. solanacearum (Flavier et al., 1997a, Flavier et al., 1997b)

pehC

Exopolygalacturonase (Gonzalez and Allen., 2003).

16srRNA

Encode 16S ribosomal RNA.

Virulence assay and HR test

Tomato plants were cultivated in 5-cm pots filled with a soil–peat mixture. Plants (4 leaves) were selected for inoculation. Twenty four hours bacterial culture was centrifuged at 15.000 rpm, 4OC, for 2 minutes and were washed with ddH2O two times. Pellet was resuspended with d ddH2O and was adjusted the OD600 to 1.0. One microliter of suspension was injected into 6 weeks old tomato stem between cotyledon and the first leaf and incubated at 28OC. As a control, distilled water was injected in the same manner. Disease index was observed following Poueymiro et al. (2009) up to 1 week after inoculation with scale ranging from 0 to 4, according to the percentage of wilted plants (0= no wilt; 1 = 1 to 25%; 2= 26-50%; 3=51-75%; 4=>75%).

HR-eliciting ability was tested by infiltrating a serial dilution of R. solanacearum strain solution into the intercellular space of tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) (Kim et al., 1997). Plants were incubated in 25OC and hypersensitive response was observed 24-48 hours after infiltration.

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The Development Of Stem Cell Technology Biology Essay

 

The research of embryonic stem cell is classified under the study of biotechnology, which is one of the most recognized areas of research by the public, as well as one that have the potentials of benefited from the completion of the research7. The embryonic stem cells are the absolute base form of all cells that is within a human, they are frequently known for two of their main characteristics. One is the ability to self-renew though a long period of time while remain non-specialised, and the other main characteristic is the stem cell’s ability to differentiate and give rise to any specialised cell3. Because of these characteristics, it brings hope to cure diseases that were not possible before, by replacing the damaged cell with a new one that is being derive from a stem cell. Neurodegenerative diseases are a prime example where scientists believe that stem cells are the key to treating the disease. However, the research of embryonic stem cells has always being surrounded with controversy, due to the pro-life movement around the world. This report will be mainly focused on the use of stem cell on treating neurodegenerative diseases, and a general overview of the progress in the research of stem cells. (202 Words)

Review 667 words

The majority of the research done on embryonic stem cells is directed mostly toward medical treatment such as bone narrow transplant, regrowing a new nerve cell to heal Neurodegenerative diseases and more. The researches of stem cell started in the mid eighteen hundreds, when scientists discovered that some cells have the ability to generate into others. But the application of stem cell only start to boom from 1960’s, when the human understanding on natural biological systems had increased to the point that it allowed scientists and doctors to do bone marrow transfers between two humans which resulted in curing a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency in 1968.

This is the reason that stem cell research attracted attention from the public, due to the possibilities of curing several different types of diseases or healing damages that were beyond humans’ natural healing ability. Stem cells are the fundamental cells of all the different types of cells that are in a human body. It has the ability to renew itself, under the correct environment and performs obligatory asymmetric replication (see diagram 1 at appendix 1). This, combined with their ability to transform into any specific cell type that can be found in a human body, makes it possible to create new cells to replace those that were damaged by disease or treatment processes. However, the current understanding of the behaviour of stem cells is not enough for scientists and doctors to use them to completely cure a certain disease. Nevertheless, we currently have enough understanding through research, to show that stem cells do have the ability to lessen the symptoms such ailments as Alzheimer’s disease.

The research into stem cells has potential of curing most of the long-term diseases known to doctors; however the cost of this research is the main reason of controversy. The reason of the controversy around stem cells is focused mainly because embryonic stem cells can only be gathered when an egg is being fertilized.

The process of gathering a sample of stem cells started by triggering a human egg that has been left in cryo for more than the legal limit, to grow into an embryo like the normal growth of a child. Afterward, the egg started to grow for five to seven days where the blastocyst started to form along with the inner cell mass. The whole blastocyst is then moved to a specially prepared culturing plate that is covered in a feeder layer, that is designed to support the growth of the stem cell, and chemicals are added to break the blastocyst to allow the inner cell mass to be exposed. From this point on it is merely waiting for the inner cell mass to grow and divide into stem cells that the researcher can use to test in a controlled environment by using different growth factors that will hopefully allow the scientist to map out the reaction of different types of proteins and the chemical environment that would decide the growth path of these stem cells (see diagram at appendix 2).

By this point, most biotechnologists require assistance from people in another field, such as chemical engineer, protein specialist and doctors to help culturing or to understand how this stem cell works. These specialist from other field of science, help scientists to understand the growth factor that is involved in the differentiation of the cells. A prime example would be the use of growth factors.

Unfortunately this is also where the controversy starts; a lot of people around the world that support pro-life organisations believe that the research of stem cells is immoral; since every embryo that is being used to extract the stem cells have the possibility of becoming a full child, thus the process of extracting the stem cells would destroy the possibility of life. They believe that the same research can be conducted through adult stem cells, or known as somatic stem cells, that can be isolated from bone narrow, or any other cells that have the ability to self repair, without the need of creating a full embryo. While it may be possible to do so, the concentrations of somatic stem cells are extremely hard to isolate and researchers are currently unable to grow them in cultures for further study. However, most scientists believe that while each embryo has the possibility of developing into a child, the long period of cryo that is used to store the egg, is damaging it, to a point that the death rate of the infant will be higher, along with the fact that these cells were originally scheduled to be destroyed, thus it does not make much difference. Therefore, until either the somatic stem cells can be cultured and proven to be as potent as embryonic stem cells, or the latest induced pluripotent stem cells that are created by “reprogramming” the adult stem cell back into the pluripotent stem cell stage of development. Scientists are stuck on using embryonic stem cells for the majority of the study. (792)

Application Case study 800 word

The advancement in the field of biotechnology’s research into stem cells has already started to show results. In the past, diseases such as Alzheimer’s, which are diseases that cause the degradation of neurons on nerve cells, which were not treatable by doctors before. The most that doctors were able to do was to relieve the pain caused by the disease, they were not able to locate the source of the disease, or how they affected patients.

However, since the development of stem cell technology, scientists have regain hope of finding cure or treatment process that can permanent treat these diseases. Using the same system that was originally designed to house the stem cells, they were able to isolate the infected neuron samples that were affected by the diseases, and therefore, were able to devise a treatment or cure for the diseases as they now have a sample with which they can work.

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common neuron degradation diseases seen in the world. In America alone, there are at least 5.3 million people that have this disease. Alzheimer’s disease attacks the nerves and neurons that are in the brain over a long period of time, which slowly causes memory loss, problem solving skills, thinking, to the point that the brain can no longer function properly, leading to death. Alzheimer’s disease currently has no cure, as the rate that the human body regenerates the brain cells are much slower than the rate of infection. Therefore, theoretically it will be possible to cure Alzheimer’s if all infected nerve cells could be removed, and replaced with new nerve cells that were derived from the adult stem cell of the patient. This same application can also be used on other diseases such as Parkinson’s disease or sport injury that normally requires years of recovery.

Based on a published journal in 2009, scientists were able to use bone marrow derived the mesenchymal stem cell to relieve symptoms of Alzheimer’s on a mice model that have been purposely induced. According to the research journal, when a patient (or mice in their case) that is presented with the disease, the concentration of amyloid-b (Ab) peptides in the form of amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma increases, which causes neural loss to the patient. Therefore, in a direct treatment the research team injected bone-marrow-derived-mesenchymal stem cells into the brain of the induced mice, the result showed that there is a diminution of amyloid-b by the reactivation of microglia that were re-stimulated by the injection of the stem cells. Thus the research team arrived at the conclusion that BMMSCs can promote reduction of the amyloid-b through the microglial activation in the induced Alzheimer’s brain, suggesting a potential therapeutic agent against Alzheimer’s disease. (453) however, in the journal the research team fail to considered the other cause of Alzheimer the neruofibrillary tangles

Conclusion 267 words (135)

In conclusion, it is clear that the development of stem cells is one field of biotechnology that is emerging quickly as the understanding of natural biological systems increase, along with the fact that the diversity of biotechnology is potentially limitless in the field of medical research. For example, during the process of creating a suitable environment for the embryonic stem cells to grow, researchers have accidentally created a solution that can keep donated organs for longer periods of time, allowing a higher chance of success to the transplant surgery after a long period of travel. In the future, once more is understood about stem cells, the whole technology may be advanced enough to reconstruct an entire limb. There remains much controversy around this field, due to the researchers’ ethical practices, notably, obtaining new stem cells.

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Unknown, Unknown. "What is the history of stem cell research?" History of Stem Cell Research. AllAboutPopularIssues.org, 2010. Web. 12 May 2010. .

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Unknown, Unknown. "Stem cell." Stem Cell. AlphaMed Press, 28 May 2010. Web. 12 May 2010. .

Keener, Kevin, Thomas Hoban, and Rekha Balasubramanian. "BIOTECHNOLOGY and its APPLICATIONS." North Carolina State University. North Carolina State University, 06/03/2010. Web. 12 May 2010. .

Lindvall O (2003). "Stem cells for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease". Pharmacol Res 47 (4): 279–87. Doi: 10.1016/S1043-6618(03)00037-9. PMID 12644384. 

Goldman S, Windrem M (2006). "Cell replacement therapy in neurological disease". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (1473): 1463–75. Doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1886. PMID 16939969.

Unknown, Unknown. "Stem Cells and self-Renewal." isscr. ISSCR, 2010. Web. 28 May 2010. www.isscr.org/public/SC_self-renewal.pdf

Unknown, Unknown. "Neurofibrillary Tangles." Department of Pathology. University of Oklahoma, 2010. Web. 30 May 2010. .

Word distribution

Point/total point*word limit

Introduction

10/75*2000=266

Review

25/75*2000=667

Case Study

30/75*2000=800

Conclusion

10/75*2000=267

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The Problem And Possible Treatments Of Tuberculosis Biology Essay

Biology » The Problem And Possible Treatments Of Tuberculosis Biology Essay

Tuberculosis or simply called TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis which usually affects the lungs but it can also involve almost any part of the body. This airborne disease is a killer for people mostly those with HIV. In 1993, World Health Organisation (WHO) declared TB a global emergency as it has murdered approximately 2-3 million people per annum. One third of World’s population infected with 5-6% ends fatally. (1) Tuberculosis is an airborne disease which means it is spread through air. When an untreated pulmonary TB patient sneezes or coughs, the air containing pathogen released by patient is breathed in by person nearby causing him or her get infected. (3, 11) About 90% of the cases show that the host’s natural defences prevent any further progression of the infection where the Host-Parasite equilibrium is reached in which many of the mycobacteria are destroyed but some lie dormant in tubercle foci. Upon activation of the dormant bacteria, the patients will suffer chronic cough with sputum-containing-blood, chest pains, fever, night sweats, weakness and weight loss. (2, 11) Since tuberculosis is fatal, what is possible treatment to cure that disease?

Self-administered Therapy (SAT)

Before treatment, the patients must be stressed of the importance of compliance in order to prevent development of resistance of the bacteria towards the drugs used. The duration of drug therapy will take about 6 months or longer. The Full Blood Count (FBC), liver, and renal function have to be checked. The drug therapy usually done by the patients themselves based on prescription given by physicians. (2)

Drug therapy is an effective way in providing chances of fully recovery. The therapy is divided into two phases which are initial phase and continuation phase.

Initial phase:

This phase takes about 8 weeks. 4 drugs are given depending on susceptibilities. The drugs are:

Rifampicin 600-900mg (child 15mg/kg) Per Oral (PO) three times/week

Isoniazid 15mg/kg PO three times/week + pyridoxine 10 mg/24h

Pyrazimide 2.5g PO three times/week

Ethambutol 30mg/kg PO three times/week for 2 months

Continuation phase:

For this phase, it takes about 16 weeks on two types of drugs, rifampicin and isoniazid at same doses. The most common medicine used is Rifinah 300® which contains a combination of 300mg rifampicin and 150mg isoniazid. The patients are advised about the compliance from time to time. The pyridoxine is given throughout the treatment.

Isoniazid is one of the most common drugs used to treat TB. It is effective, inexpensive and easy to take. When it is used with other types of drugs, it can prevent and even cure TB. Thus, isoniazid preventive treatment is recommended to person that:

Have a close contact with person who have infectious TB

Show a positive tuberculin skin test reaction (2, 7)

The drug therapy may need a longer period if the TB patients also suffer another disease like meningitis and osteomyelitis. The HIV positive patients may need to be treated with extra-drugs and longer time. (2)

Why SAT?

The drug therapy works very efficiently when TB patient takes medicine according to doctor’s advice. This is because the mycobacterium tuberculosis will be destroyed from body. The graph below shows how the drug therapy reduces cases of tuberculosis in US.

We can see that the rate of TB cases declined from 1981 to 1984. It has reduced at about 6-7 % annually. The drugs used during the therapy had efficiently recovering many TB patients. This reduces further spreading of that disease to other person as the number of active TB patients keeps reducing. There is fluctuation from 1985 to 1991. This happens due to some reasons like poverty and substance abuse. These reasons raise the rate of infection of TB. However, the drug therapy still able to control the number of TB cases. (9)

Social

Economic

Some people might say that the cost for the initial therapy is relatively affordable that is about $1,206 or RM 3,789.98 but this only include the direct costs of the initial therapy neglecting the further spending required if there is failure in the treatment. (15) This will require more money for treatment. The money that should be used for other necessities have to be spent for the treatment. This becomes a problem in Malaysia as most Malaysians only have a moderate income. Thus, the patients will have a heavy burden to pay for the bills. Besides, as the drugs used for the treatment have side effects, more money will be needed to cure the effects caused by the drugs. This indicates that a lot of money required for the treatment.

During drug therapy treatment, combination of different drugs is used to treat TB. Different drugs will react differently. This improves to rate of survival of the patients. The duration of this treatment which is usually takes about 6-9 months provides sufficient time for antibiotics to destroy the TB bacteria. The drugs also may be combined together as a single tablet. For instance, Rifater contains isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide. The patients can take the medicine effectively and easily. (17)

However, TB drugs can cause very serious side effects. They can cause jaundice (a yellow colour to skin), blurred vision, tenderness in abdomen, loss of appetite and vomiting. They also can be highly toxic to liver. (17) Besides, the treatment of tuberculosis by drug therapy may lead the emerging of drug resistance bacteria. This happens as the patients are allowed to have a self-administrated therapy. They take the medication completely unsupervised. (8) Drug resistance happen when the patients fail to complete drug therapy that lasting about six months or longer. The TB bacteria that manage survive will reproduce and multiply. They become more drug resistance. (16) Consequently, the treatment requires a longer period and a higher cost in order to cure the airborne disease. The number of people get infected will keep increasing (18) Therefore, alternative way shall be taken to prevent this happening.

Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)

It is a treatment where the doses of drugs used are increased for rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid from 1-4 days but not with thiacetazone, ethionamide or streptomysin. The process is same as the SAT but it is fully conducted and observed by hospital. (4, 7) This provides better result rather than the patients take the drug without being monitored. In Hospital Albert Schweitzer, 138 TB patients were treated with DOT and 143 TB patients were treated without observation. This gives a higher successive rate for DOT which is 87% while self-administered drug therapy only has 57% successive rate. (5)

Besides, the treatment failure can be reduced and less drug resistance will be acquired. (6) This is because the patients are give doses on schedule. However, the program the programs of directly observed therapy are not easy to conduct. They require a flexible administration.

Immunisation

Prevention is better than cure. With the development of science, the BCG (Bacillus Calmetta-Guerin) vaccine has been invented. BCG is made up of living attenuated strain of Mycobacterium Bovis (M. Bovis) that produces a localised and self-limiting infection. This will stimulate cell-mediated immunity. (12) The young babies and person that have high risk of infection are given BCG injection. BCG will protect infants against tuberculosis. (10) The vaccine is given intradermally by injection to upper left arm. Putting hand on hip so the arm is at 45° will make it easier for the nurse to administer it. After three weeks, a small red spot appears. The site must be kept clean and dry. This eventually heals to form a round flat scar after 3-4 months. (12, 13) The usage of this vaccine is much more money-savings than treatment.

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Make Money With Google Adwords Fast And Straightforward Marketing Essay

Google AdWords is indeed in the lead of the pack in online advertising. Currently, they manage over 50% of the market. If you want to make money with Google AdWords, you can definitely do so. You may have heard one person claim that he has already succeeded with the system and others have also stated their account. The truth is that they are only going to sell you with their product to learn their “secrets” to make money with Google.

In reality, Google Adwords is comparable to a double edged sword. You should know how to play it right so that you will win money or else, you will lose it. If you don’t have any knowledge about this, you will have to learn about it the hard way. So if you are asking whether you can really make money with Google AdWords, the answer is yes but only if you know how to make money with Google. So before you enter this game, you should have the necessary skills and information.

If you need all the facts about the system, you need to read Beating Adwords guide. This will allow you to learn more about how you can start with your campaign, write ad copy and how you can actually win over the challenges especially with the optimization of your landing page. The guide is different from others simply because it has information that stay on the current stream so that you can easily make money with Google. This is important since we all know that Google AdWords changes all the time such as the SLAP. As the name implies, the advertisers are slapped hard particularly those that have irrelevant and low quality score. Learn the techniques on how you can actually avoid SLAP and know how you can make money with Google.

The truth is you are the key on how really quick you can make money with Google AdWords. All it takes is a good strategy and the essential knowledge that will lead you to your advertising profit goals. There are several methods in which you can apply on your own technique so that you can make money with Google. This includes the popular way of avoiding the use of generic keywords and those that do not have any connection with your campaign.

These keywords are actually damaging on your part as an advertiser and will not help you make money with Google. All your efforts with the system will go down the drain. Face it, when you bid for these irrelevant keywords, you will end up expending higher advertising bills and you will wonder if you owe the company that much. Although you will get traffic to your site, the conversion rates can be very low, which is a nightmare for all the advertisers relying on AdWords. So why would you want to spend a lot of money on something that will not make you productive at the end of the day?

Here is what you should do: research on the keywords that you are going to use so that you can make money with Google. Ensure that they are descriptive and specific. These are the important things that you have to put to your head so that you can truly make money with Google AdWords. Let us have an example. If you are trying to sell acoustic guitars on your website, your keywords should be “buy acoustic guitars” or “purchase acoustic guitars.”

If you have discovered how you can get the keywords, you will surely find your way to make money with Google. Do not worry about not obtaining enough traffic. It will increase your sales conversion rates into levels that you have never imagined. So instead of going for organic keywords, do a research and go with relevant ones.

Pay per click campaigns have all wanted success out of the system known as Google AdWords. If you are one of those people who are looking forward to knowing how to make money with Google AdWords, here is your chance. You will have to use a special tool in order to know the right keywords so that you can make money with Google. In less than seven days and for a reasonable price, you can determine what you have to do in order to beat the system for advertisers.

The first thing that the tool will do is to research the search engines with their PPC ads after you have provided the keywords that you have entered. The ads that have been included in the results will be examined daily so that you will know whether they can help you make money with Google. Now, after it has collected all the information you need, you will get the keywords that you have been searching for and they will ultimately give you the profits as you make money with Google AdWords.

If you are using a tool that will help you determine what keyword you should use on your next ad campaign, you can have a lot of benefits in return. The first one is that you can save time, effort and money by not going through the whole trial and error stage. Next, the rates of Click through Ratio have definitely increased. Also, you do not have to be a professional in order for you to use the tool so that you can start to make money with Google. You can simply be a beginner in the advertising world.

Although it is true that you will find it hard to make money with Google AdWords, you can bypass the difficulties by getting all the resources that are required for success.

Earning profits is actually easy on the Internet especially with affiliate marketing. All you have to do is to promote the other products but in order to do so, you should have a landing page, which should have the necessary traffic towards your site. If you really want to earn, you should know more about how you can make money with Google Adwords, which is PPC or a pay per click system. Before you can make money with Google, there are some things that you need to learn first.

The ads from the search engine results are listed according to the amount that they are willing to pay for each click they receive. This means that you can make money with Google by bidding for a higher price on the keywords that you are using so that you will be on top of the list. However, Google will examine whether the site has indeed relevant keywords based on the search. This process is called Quality Score. It keeps away those people who want to make money with Google without researching first.

If you are wondering how you can make money with Google Adwords, here is your answer. Remember those times when you can create a campaign and then drive the traffic to the merchant’s site with the use of Adwords? Well, it is no longer possible now. In order for you to make money with Google, you should know that they only allow one ad for every URL displayed on the search query. You have two options here: you can be the highest bidder yourself or you can just walk away from the competition.

The latter will allow you to succeed if you have chosen another keyword and you have set yourself apart. You should be able to manage your AdWords account properly to stay on top of the game.

More and more people nowadays make use of the Internet as their means of buying and selling products and services. To fulfill this, they have to utilize keyword search with Google holding half the market, pushing people to want to make money with Google. The pay per click system has already attracted millions of advertisers and even the webmasters. The key phrases or better known as the keywords are the terms in which the buyer will use so that he will come across with the product or service that he wants. This is why keyword research is a never ending process for the advertisers who wish to make money with Google.

PPC campaigns and affiliate programs can be maximized by promoting the products with the use of Google AdWords. Affiliate programs are often selected when you sign up for a Clickbank account or others such as LinkShare and commission Junction. With Google known today as the leader in search engines, you will certainly concentrate on learning how to make money with Google just like the others. Signing up for AdWords is free and will only require $5 deposit before the display of ads.

The advertisers often get as little as one cent for every visitor they gain. However, not all people are successful in the process to make money with Google AdWords. If you are having problems, you may have to check some things. Most businesses find it really hard to find the keywords that will not require them to pay for a high price. When you bid for keywords such as “make money with Google” will kill your budget on online advertising quickly.

You can always use a tool that will help you find out if the keywords that you have chosen are weak, have a lot of competition or great for your advertising business. To make money with Google, you have to be smart so that you will not lose money in the end.

Google remains to be the dominant search engine that has hit the Internet today. With the tremendous volume of searches that they handle every single day, it is no wonder why many advertisers want to make money with Google. There are several benefits that the businessmen enjoy when they start their bid and make money with Google. If you want to do the same, you can use the following tips.

First, you can make money with Google AdSense, which is perfect for those who already have a website. All you have to do here is to embed the advertisements with the use of Google AdSense. Other businesses can utilize your site as a tool where they can put links. When the links are clicked, the user is referred to the website of the advertiser. Each AdSense click gives a referral fee for you. Usually, you can make money with Google for 20 cents per click but the more popular niches can get ten dollars for every click. Most people use a technique on their site so as not to overwhelm the users with advertisements. They blend the ads with the site so that the former will not stand out.

On the other hand, you can make money with Google AdWords as well. Here, you can display links and ads when users search for the keywords you have assigned for your site. To make money with Google AdWords, you can increase traffic or you can generate sales. If you want more people to know about your products and services, you can make use of general keywords so that they will find your site easily. If you wish to generate sales, you will have to present a more specific and detailed campaign for your advertising. Provide compelling and refined keywords to ensure that potential consumers will be directed to your site.

If you are looking for steps on how you can make money with Google AdWords, you have come to the right place. The first one that you have to do is to search using Google and find the key phrases that have up to four sponsored ads located at the right part of the page. Now, find the products that have resale rights because you do not want to do this the illegal way, right? The product that you will use when you make money with Google should allow you to sell the products again.

What you will have to do next if you want to make money with Google is to create a sales page on your site. It is advisable that you use one of your sites that is related to the product that you are going to sell. This way you can easily make money with Google. If you do not have this kind of site yet, you can do have it easily by purchasing a link active and you’re good to go. Use your AdWords account and make a new advertising campaign. Use several yet relevant keywords. Now, set your everyday budget and the cost per click. Ensure that the latter is not very high so that you will not have a lot of competitions. Six cents will actually be good for your ad campaign.

You can have several ads at the same time and here, you can test which performs better than the other. You can always replace those that are underperforming so that you can maximize your profits when you make money with Google. As soon as you are through with the requirements, you can do everything all over again. AdWords has proven to be very successful for many people and if you really want to make money with Google, this technique is great for you.

If you want to make money with Google, the fastest and probably the easiest way is to make use of the Google AdWords tool. However, you should take note of he challenges and actually, only five percent of the people are capable of earning here successfully. From 2003 too 2005, wanting to make money with Google AdWords had been very easy because the competition was not that tough. As time passed by, the war became harder with PPC programs becoming more expensive. Although the profits began to sink, many people still want to make money with Google PPC, which is only used to redirect traffic into one’s site.

Your objective when you truly want to make money with Google is to increase sales. Actually, anyone can use the program for his own sales or for affiliate sales. It is not required that you have your own website because you can create one later. However, you should remember that Google will not display an ad for a certain site twice in the same display. Thus, it is essential that you have your own site.

If you want to build your own PPC campaign so that you can make money with Google, you have to follow particular strategies that will keep you in the business. Hence, you will need a lot of information about the tool but do not worry because there are a lot of resources. Even Google has presented several for the beginners. Aside from that, there are numerous guides out in the market that can be downloaded and purchased for a low cost. They will help you learn more on how you can make money with Google.

To be successful, you should target the niche markets. There are a lot of resources that you can use so that you will know more about them and how you can earn with them.

Google has become the top search engine over the past few years and since then, many people are enthusiastic about getting their ads placed in the top spots so that they can promote their products and eventually have higher sales generation. In this case, there are a lot of people wanting make money with Google. If you still do not know, the two most popular advertising tools are the AdSense and the AdWords; both of them are from Google. If you are able to use these two on your advantage, you can be one of the advertising giants that made the other businesses become successful today. Let us discuss how you can make money with Google AdSense.

Google AdSense is what most advertisers regard as the solution to their online advertising campaign. You can use your own website to display the ads from the other business owners and they will pay for the place you have provided for them. However, they will do this unless your site has heavy traffic. Thus, you need to find ways on how you can direct traffic for your website. There are several ways on how you can do this but the first and most popular method is to make use of keywords. If you want to make money with Google, you should be able to ensure your place in the search engine results. So, the website that you will be using should be optimized for the Google search engine.

Meanwhile, when you make money with Google AdSense, you should continuously test the effectiveness of your advertising campaigns. You should never forget that you have a lot of competitions and there are a lot of people wanting to make money with Google as well. Before you venture into business, you should have everything in check first so that you can really make money with Google and your advertising campaign.

Google AdWords has proved to be one of the leading tools in online advertising. In contrast to banner advertising, AdWords allows you to make money with Google with every click of the visitor to your link. Therefore you are sure that you have directed traffic to you site and your customers are those that will really avail your products or services. However, you should not forget that one of the most important techniques that will let you make money with Google is your ability to find the right keywords for your site.

Keywords are the first things that you will have to find when you are looking forward to make money with Google. This should be done right after you have selected the product that you are going to promote. If you do not have a product of your own, you can easily join affiliate programs such as LinkShare and Commission Junction to start to make money with Google.

The products that you have chosen should be in a niche so that you will get a lot of visitors every single day. If you cannot accomplish this, there is no point in starting to make money with Google. You do not have to fret about how you can find the keywords easily because there are tools that will guide you on how you can get the key phrases that your site needs the most. The tools will tell you how many searches are being done for the keyword you have chosen so you will get an idea whether it is a successful one or not.

To make money with Google, you have to understand that quality is more important than quantity. This is true for the visitors that you gain. The important part is that you get the visitors that will actually convert your advertisements into sales.

Google Adwords is a service that allows advertisers to display their ads so that they can let people be directed to their site where they can immediately buy the products that they are selling. This can be from various websites that are liked with the other Google program known as AdSense. To make money with Google, you can make use of AdWords, which is one of the easiest ways to earn profits online.

You can really make money with Google AdWords but you can also lose cash with it with every advertising fee you pay. Thus, it is important that you know how you can use it. The pay per click advertising version of the program is a much better way of how you can make money with Google.

Being found at the top page of the search results does not mean that you are about to make money with Google. You will have to pay the fees for every click that you have received and most of the time, they do not translate into sales. Therefore, you should remember that not at all times will you be able to make money with Google. What you have to do first is figure out how you can deal with it so that you will get the traffic that you want that is directed to your site and then your visitors will eventually turn into customers.

Most professionals in this area will bid for a price of a certain keyword and they will remain in that range for a month or so. Later, they will change the bid amount so that they will not have to pay more. Obviously, they know how to make money with Google AdWords. You can do the same thing. With a little bit of researching and understanding, you will be able to meet your goals in no time.

Yes, it is possible to make money with Google using the AdWords campaign. When you sign up for an account, you actually do not have to pay for anything. All you have to do is fill up a form and then you can sell the products that are available out there. You will need an affiliate program that will help you here and there are thousands of them. Just select which you think is appropriate. Before you can start to make money with Google, you can use tools to help you in the first days.

Your affiliate program can rank the products according to their performance in the sales domain. The ranking will be based upon how many visitors have clicked to the product link and how many actually bought it. Now, once you have signed up so that you can make money with Google AdWords, you can now proceed to the next step. What you will have to do now is to select a product that you think will help you in your campaign to make money with Google. There are some things that you have to consider before you make your decision such as the commission rates, the prices and the sales records. It is up to you how you can convince the people to click the link that you have provided for the product so that you can make money with Google now.

If you are having trouble getting people to click on the links, there are some things that you can do to improve the traffic. You can start by creating your own site or you can simply use AdWords. Now go to its homepage and sign up for an account if you haven’t done it yet. The interface is simple and you can easily get this done in a matter of minutes. Just provide the tool some information about yourself so that you can start to make money with Google. These include your target market and your credit card information.

Learning how to make money with Google AdWords is an exciting task because there are so many things that you have to handle and in return you will get the profits that you have been waiting for. There are two things that you can look forward to when you make money with Goggle AdWords. First, you can target heavy web traffic to your site and the second one is to generate sales. It is not a tiring task since all you have to do is to create your own ad campaign after you have signed up for an AdWords account. Then the people who have searched for the keyword you have provided will eventually see the ad you have presented. You may need some tips in order for you to maximize the profits when you make money with Google AdWords.

Now, the first option for you is to write an ad copy for the people to get attracted to your website. This is your way of getting a higher click through rate so that you can make money with Google fast. When you have the ad copy, Google will eventually lower the cost of every click and thus you will not have to pay more and still get the traffic that you want.

The next step on how to make money with Google AdWords quickly is to get the email addresses of the visitors. This way you can easily inform them when you have new products. At the end of the day, it really doesn’t matter that you get enough traffic for your site. What matters is that you have made a sale. So let them know more about your product so that they will buy it sooner or later. To make money with Google, you have to have a good strategy.

To make money with Google AdWords, you have to put in your head that it is not hard and you can attain it like the other people did. The truth is the people who are not successful with their campaign to make money with Google are those who do not believe that this is possible. If you are currently involved in Internet marketing business, you can improve your profits with the help of Google AdWords.

The first thing that you have to do is to find a product. You can either use your own product or you can get someone else’s by obtaining the rights legally to make money with Google. This is called affiliate marketing. You will get commission rates when the people click the link that is found on your website. Now, after you are through with that, you can proceed to the next step that will allow you to make money with Google. What you will have to do now is to sign up for a Google AdWords account. Do not worry because this is free. After you have done so, you can now search for the keywords that are appropriate for your campaign. This is actually the hardest part in learning how to make money with Google since this will be the foundation in which your visitors will have to search for your product. On your part, you can also consider this as tricky because you will have to bid for a price on it.

Proper keywords will either let you make money with Google or let you lose it. Therefore you will need to check that it is relevant and popular. To be effective in learning how to make money with Google, you need to test the ads that you have made to ensure that they are all competitive and will give you profits at the end of the day.

There has been a lot of talk regarding those people who have already known how to make money with Google especially with the AdWords program. Now, you may be wondering how they managed to pull such thing off. If you really want to know how you can make money with Google, you will need to read this article to get the story about the secrets that you can use.

People who know how to use the Internet know that Google is the leading search engine in the Internet today. Because of that, there are many people who want to make money with Google. Assuming that you have already heard about AdWords and have read about it blogs, forums and others, you will know that this is not right for people whoa re quite lazy. You will need to do a lot of keyword researching as well as website optimization so that you will be able to direct the people into your website. The first secret is to increase your CTR or your Click through Rate. What you can do here is to make money with Google by supplying ads that are strong and powerful. You can study the ads from the companies today and you will have to learn how they are able to convince people to stick to them and buy their products.

The next secret is the promotion of your products. This will depend on how well you are able to do so. There is a price for this and you should be prepared to pay for it so that you can make money with Google AdWords permanently. Keep track of the keywords or key phrases that you have used and know whether they are profitable or not. Immediately replace those that are not doing you any good so that you can make money with Google AdWords in an effective manner.

Two of the Internet giants are eBay and Google. If you are selling products on eBay, you might as well make the most out of the experience by making sure that people know more about your product. You can earn in two ways here. You can make money with Google and eBay at the same time.

We all know that eBay is where you can post and display your products so that people will see what they can buy from you. However, when you are getting less traffic to your sales page, you have got to do something now. The best way to make money with Google and eBay is to use them both. What you will have to do is to create a Google AdWords account. Sign up but don’t worry it is completely free. Now, after you have accomplished this, you can search for the keywords that you can use to make sure that your visitors will search for and they will end up on your eBay sales page. Thus, you make money with Google and eBay simultaneously.

To make money with Google, you will have to bid on the keywords you have chosen but you have to remember that each click that you get will mean charges for you. However, there is no need to frown because the click fees are nothing compared to the sales that you have made. The more visitors that you acquire the greater chance that they will buy your product. Thus, you will need to find a good targeted keyword and a market that will surely help you make money with Google.

It is not actually hard to promote your eBay sales page. All you have to do is to have a good strategy and if you are having troubles in knowing how too make money with Google, you can search for references on the web that will guide you in this process.

You can actually make money with Google if you are eBay affiliate. How is this so and how can this be done? With eBay as the biggest online auction site, you can post the products here that you are going to sell. They can be anything: from CDs to DVDs to clothes to shoes. You can make money here by purchasing items and then reselling them at a higher price so you get your own interest rates. Meanwhile, there are other ways on how you can make money with Google and eBay as well.

The first thing that you can do is to refer the buyers into a specific auction section. Now, you can do this either the help of Google AdWords. You simply have to sign up and search for the keywords that you think will lead you to great profits and that is the start on how to make money with Google. The fact remains that when the sellers join eBay, they will have to pay for the insertion fees on their product and the other elements such as the bold texts and the pictures that are include in the sales page. Now most sellers do not want to have the charges too high so they look for people who can direct the traffic to their page so that people can buy their products.

On the other hand, the other method in which you can make money with Google and with being an eBay affiliate is to get people who will sign up for eBay. Actually, you can get from 50% to 75% from the fees that the sellers are paying eBay. With this opportunity, more and more people are joining the eBay affiliate bandwagon. You can combine the strategies that you know so that you can make money with Google and eBay at the same time.

There are several people who think that they can earn online but then they end up failing. If you are having the same problems, you can actually change your destiny by knowing how you can make money with Google. The truth is you have to make a research and in doing so, you will ultimately come up with the idea of being an affiliate marketer. Being a beginner, you are not expected to know everything about how you can make money with Google and its programs. However, you should be able to understand the whole process so that you can easily get the profits that you want.

The first thing that you have to do is to find the product that interests you. You can make a list and then narrow them down. You can add up your products later if you are successful in your campaigns. To make money with Google, you should be able to find the affiliate products. This is done by searching for them. There are literally hundreds of thousands of products that you can choose from. When you are done, you can start promoting and you can actually begin how to make money with Google.

If you have finally accomplished that, you can get traffic to your site and make money with Google. To make the most out of this, you can make articles and they are free. They will divert traffic to your site and you can just sit back and enjoy the cash flow. Another way is by joining Google groups, online communities and anywhere where you can leave your link there so that people will know you and your products.

The last method to make money with Google is to wait. Be patient because great profits do not materialize overnight. While waiting, search for ways on how you can improve your ad campaign.

Some years ago, if you have a copy of the GoogleCash eBook, you can make money with Google Adwords easily. All you have to do is to find the product that you would like to promote using Clickbank and then you create some ads that you can link to the website of the vendor directly. You make a list of the keywords that are relevant then you wait for the checks to come rolling in. Now, things have changed and Google has limited linking and only one shall get it. You have to have the highest bid price for this, making it almost impossible to direct link to the website. However, there is no reason to lose hope on how you can make money with Google Adwords. You can get the link that you want by simply investing time to do some researching.

The first thing that you have to do so that you can make money with Google is not finding the product but searching for the market to promote the product into. Now, take some time and do a keyword research. Group them into minute Ad Groups that can have a similar theme and those that are relevant to your campaign. As soon as you are ready with your keyword list, you can now start creating your AdWords promotion.

One thing that you have to remember when you want to make money with Google is that you have to ensure that your landing page consists of relevant ads and keywords otherwise Google will penalize you. To avoid this, you can choose a keyword and search for it. Now, note of the website that attained the number one position in the organic search results. Go back to your campaign and alter the destination URL to the top site. See the minimum bid that Google requires. If it dropped to a reasonable price, rewrite your landing page so that you can start to make money with Google.

With your copy of the Google Adwords eBook and some researches made, you can definitely make money with Google.

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The Introduction And Spread Of Japanese Beetles Biology Essay

Japanese Beetles (Popillia japonica) are a destructive pest of turf, landscape, agriculture, and ornamental plants. They were introduced into the United States sometime in the early 1900s on a shipment of iris bulbs. They were first identified in a nursery near Riverton, New Jersey in 1916 during a routine inspection. They are also found in their native Japan, China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada. They have become an important pest as both larvae and adults destroy roots and defoliate plants. The Japanese beetle easily established in the U.S. after its introduction. As with a lot of introduced pest they were lacking in natural enemies and found an abundant food source and favorable climate. Efforts have been made to control these invasive pests. In 1918, the USDA and New Jersey authorities attempted to eradicate the infestation. But after only two years the populations were so well established the efforts were deemed unproductive and were stopped. The best strategy for eradication is early detection, isolation and the total elimination of populations. The annual cost of control in the U.S. exceeds $460 Million (Shetlar 2008).

What are the implications of the introduction of Japanese beetles? And how can their spread across the United States be stopped in their tracks? This paper will be a thorough look into how Japanese beetles have spread across the U.S. and how to cope with this pesky pest.

Japanese beetles are polyphagous generalists and have a wide range of over 300 hosts. They are important pests of fruit, vegetables and field crops. Japanese beetles have one generation per year. A percent of the grubs may take two years to mature based on the soil conditions if they are cold and wet. The larvae are white colored grubs and are typically C Shaped around 1 inch in length. The third instar larvae overwinter in the soil below the frost line. The grubs develop in the soil feeding on the roots of plants. They can destroy lawns and turf grass. They are considered the most destructive pest of turf-grass in the United States. The adults are gregarious and collect together on a single plant. Single plants and trees may be completely defoliated. The adults are ½ inch in length and are metallic green with bronze-colored elytra. The males are typically smaller in size than the females. The adults skeletonize the leaves of their hosts by eating the material between the veins. The veins are often left untouched after feeding and the leaves will crumple and die. They feed on the upper and outermost parts of the plants and work their way down the plant (Cook and Gray 2010).

Japanese beetles are found throughout the Midwest and eastern United States and are spreading west ward. The furthest west they are expected to reach on their own is central Nebraska because of the unfavorable climatic conditions. There are areas in Western states that are suitable for their survival if they hitchhike to the area. The movement of these pests is a major concern to horticulture and farmers. They have been introduced into California three times and successfully eradicated. Material such as nursery commodities, sod, soil, compost and manure from infected states are now prohibited without a PPQ inspection. The USDA closely monitors the movement of cargo planes into the unaffected areas. The beetles are known to fly onto the cargo plane when the doors are open during times of adult beetle flight (Hamilton et al. 2007).

Airports are potential vectors for Japanese beetle infestation. A State Plant Health Director which is an APHIS employee arranges a monitoring survey to determine the risk status of an airport. Inspectors survey the airport to determine the potential risk. Monitoring surveys will determine the threat of entry into the aircraft and the population level in surrounding areas. The Indianapolis Airport is one of many airports where Japanese beetles pose a threat. Traps around the airport over a 4 year period showed that the relative distribution of adult beetles along the trap line were stable and at the same level in the same areas. Conclusions were drawn that the environment around the airport has considerable influence on the distribution of beetles and potential threat of a hijacker flying on board. The soil type, land use, location of host and nonhost plants, soil moisture all effected the movement of the Japanese beetles. A change in the environment such as land use and irrigation could affect the Japanese beetle distribution and be a viable practice to decrease the Japanese beetles’ opportunities to fly onto open airplanes (Hamilton et al. 2007). By manipulating the land around the airport the risk could be minimized.

In 1917 the former U.S. Bureau of Entomology established the Japanese Beetle Laboratory in 1917. They studied the biology of the pest in its new environment and worked on developing methods for control (Potter and Held 2002). They studied the pest-host interaction attempting to gain an understanding of this invasive pest. Entomologists realized this introduction had the potential of becoming a devastating pest that would lead to high economic costs.

In 1998, the National Plant Board initiated the first version of the U.S. Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan. This established a plan for the movement of commodities that host Japanese beetles such as nursery stock and other regulated commodities. This program has two objectives to establish a framework that encourages states to assess the Japanese beetle risk and infestations status. The second objective is to provide a more uniform adoption and implementation of pest risk improvement measure to reduce the risk of pest introduction to receiving states. Nursery stock will requires a phytosanitary certificate for moving to states that consider Japanese beetle a quarantine pest (National Plant Board 2011). Movement is restricted from quarantined states, all but Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana in the east are restricted. Infestations west of the Mississippi River are eradicated before they become established, although partial infestation occurs in Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, and Oklahoma.

Areas that are at risk for introduction have implemented protocols to eradicate this pest if they are introduced. If the Japanese beetle becomes established in Oregon and generally disperses throughout the state, the economic impact to all crops, commodities, and other related businesses could be over $34 million (Hamilton et al. 2007). The absence of natural enemies has allowed the Jap beetles to establish and spread in areas with little predator control. The indigenous host plants that Japanese beetles use as foods source are highly susceptible due to the lack of coevolutionary history with the beetle leaving the plants defenseless.

Japanese beetles are classified as an A1 quarantine organism for EPPO and of quarantine significance for CPPC, JUNAC, and OIRSA. They are at low risk of establishing in the Mediterranean area, and the risk is also low in the UK, Ireland and continental Europe north of 53N, because of the naturally cool summers. The area of concern is between latitudes 43N and 53N east to longitude 30E. If they are introduced and established they could cause massive damage and have significant economic loss. The EPPO makes a suggestion that countries prohibit the importation of plants with roots from countries where P. Japonica is established. If material is imported it should be planted in inorganic growing medium or in treated medium and kept under conditions which prevent infestation (Potter and Held 2002). The removal of soil from the roots of nursery plants will remove the larvae, in some cases the soil should be treated. The Japanese beetle was established in Terceira Island where in 1970 it escaped from a U.S. air base (National Plant Board 2011).

Japanese beetles release an aggregation pheromone and often are found in mating clusters. Invasive pests can benefit native populations through the plant stress-mediated interactions. Grapes are among their preferred hosts. This is an interesting interaction between an invasive species benefiting a native species. The Japanese beetle facilitates the green June bug feeding on grapes by biting through the skin providing access to the GJB and by eliciting yeast-mediated fermentation volatiles that the GJB uses in host-finding and aggregation. The GJB are usually unable to break through the tough skin of grapes so they benefit from the Japanese beetle feeding. This allows the GJB to expand its range into the fruit-growing region. Green June bugs were able to feed on grape plants before but the Japanese beetle injury leads to an additive increase in feeding and aggregation by breaking apart the fruit and attracting the GJB to the plants. In this case Japanese beetles have elevated the economic impact of an indigenous species (Hammonds et al. 2009). If these beetles are introduced and established into California this could potentially threaten the grape industry.

Japanese beetles have favored hosts that they prefer to feed on but will feed successfully on a list of non-preferred hosts. The preferred hosts successfully attract the beetle to feed. Since they attract other beetles to food sources, killing beetles or hand picking them off plants will reduce the populations. Some commercial traps bated with pheromones will also attract them. Grubs have trouble surviving in dry soils, so irrigation should not be used if an infestation is suspected. Bacillus papillae, a bacterial milky spore disease can kill the buried grubs. The bacteria can be applied to the soil and the spores will remain in the soil to infect further inhabitants (Shetlar 2008).

The insect-plant system is a complex interaction that understanding will benefit management strategies. Japanese beetles are generalists that feed on over 300 species making them an important pest of horticultural crops. They are attracted to hosts by green leaf odors and color instead of specific host stimuli. These generalists avoid nonhost plants because they sense deterrents in these plants such as cucurbitacins, a bitter triterpenes characteristic of cucurbits (Potter and Held 2002).

Although, corn and soybeans plants are not a preferred host of the Japanese beetle, they can do considerable damage defoliating soybeans and feeding on silks of corn plants which can reduce the pollination and kernel set. Both the grubs and adults can cause injury in corn. The grubs are able to feed on the root hairs of the plant which interferes with the plant taking up water and nutrients. If fields are heavily infested they can experience reduced plant stands. The adults beetle feed on the silks and this interferes with pollination. In soybean fields, they can also cause damage in both the larvae and adult stage. The grubs also feed on the root hairs of the soybean plants, this usually and economic important issue. The adults can cause extensive damage to the soybean plants, if this happens during the reproductive stages during the plant life a loss in yield will occur. They will feed on the flowers and defoliate the leaves. Management can be difficult. Adults are very mobile and can quickly move from fields. Fields should be scouted to determine the percent defoliation and to correctly identify the species. If the standard economic thresholds are met for corn or soybeans the fields should be sprayed with insecticide (Cook and Gray 2010).

The larvae have limited mobility so the oviposition site is very important for survival of the offspring. They have a strong preference to oviposit in grass the chemical cues stimulate females to lay eggs in the soil (Szendrei and Issacs 2005). Japanese beetles have an interesting mating behavior. The egg load and body size may influence their mating frequency. They have a promiscuous mating system in which both males and females mate repeatedly during their lives during this type the females moves to the soil to lay her eggs. The males are attracted to the virgin females by sex pheromones released (Tigreros and Switzer 2010). They seek out non-virgin females on food plants where they tend to aggregate. There is a last male advantage for fertilization in sperm competition. The males will mount unpaired females or try to remove the male from the paired female. Males may stay on the female for a couple hours “guarding” the female. Males will choose larger females over smaller females and guard these longer. This could be because larger females have more eggs and may oviposit more frequently (Switzer et al. 2008).

Management systems are multifaceted and can be complicated when trying to treat both the grub and adult stage. They both damage plants through different modes of feeding. The adults are mobile and move from place to place while the grubs are restricted to the area where the female laid her egg. They need to be laid by a suitable host for feeding if they are to survive.

Cultural controls can help decrease the larval populations in grasses. Avoiding irrigation during peak beetle flights this can make it difficult for the beetles to oviposit. One of the interesting discoveries was concerning geraniums. Beetles that feed on petals of geraniums roll over on their backs and remain paralyzed for 24 hours. They will typically recover but under field conditions are often preyed on by predators. Some type of substance in these plants paralyzes the beetle. The plants do not deter feeding and could potentially be used as a control agent for Japanese beetles if the volatile could be identified (Flores 2010).

The Japanese beetle problem should be treated using an IPM strategy to fight the infestation. A couple of management tips to follow are to avoid irrigation in areas where grubs are feeding and to avoid planting plants that are preferred hosts of Japanese beetles. Spot treat areas with insecticide if infestation is heavy, treat lawn with pesticides when the soil is wet for better absorption. Being aware of the life cycle of this pest and ways to manage them can help decrease expanding populations. Infestations are usually a threat in areas where there is a history of feeding, so scout and be aware of the potential threat.

Since the accidental introduction of the Japanese beetle into the United States they have slowly spread throughout the country threatening indigenous plants and ecosystems. The Japanese beetles are here to stay. They are voracious generalists that aggregate and can quickly defoliate plants and trees. Their grubs can destroy turf grass leaving irritating bald areas across your lawn. Comprehensive strategies restricting the movement of these mobile pests are in place and should be stringently followed. Stopping the spread of these beetles is very important for areas in the West such as Oregon and California where preferred host plants would be ravaged by their feeding. The combination of their mobility and reproductive capabilities makes Japanese beetles an invasive pest that will need to be closely monitored and quarantined in the present and future.

Cook, K.A. and M.E. Gray. 2010. Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica Newman. University of Illinois Extension. http://ipm.illinois.edu/fieldcrops/insects/japanese_beetles/

Flores, Alfred. 2010. Geraniums could help control devastating Japanese beetles. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Hamilton, R.M., R.E. Foster, T.J. Gibbs, C.S. Sadof, J.D. Holland, and B.A. Engel. 2007. Distribution and Dynamics of Japanese Beetles along the Indianapolis Airport Perimeter and the Influence of Land Use on Trap Catch. Environment Entomology 36 (2): 287-296.

Hammons, D.L., S.K. Kurtural, M.C. Newman, & D.A. Potter. 2009. Invasive Japanese beetles facilitate aggregation and injury by a native scarab pest of ripening fruit. PNAS, 106 (10): 3686-3691.

Krischik, Vera and Maser, Doree. 2010. Japanese Beetle Management in Minnesota. University of Minnesota Extension. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg7664.html

National Plant Board. 2011. U.S. Domestic Japanese beetle Harmonization Plan. http://nationalplantboard.org/docs/jbcolumn.pdf

O’Neill, B.F. A.R. Zangerl, E.H. DeLucia, and M.R. Berenbaum. 2008. Longevity and Fecundity of Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) on Foliage Grown under Elevated Carbon Dioxide. Environmental Entomology 37(2): 601-607.

Popillia japonica. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests. 2010. Prepared by CABI and EPPO for the EU.

Potter DA, Held DW. 2002. Biology and management of Japanese. Annual Review of

Entomology 47:175-205.

Shetlar, David. 2008. Japanese Beetle Fact Sheet. The Ohio State University Extension. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2504.html

Switzer, P.V., Enstrom, P.C. and C.A. Schoenick. 2009. Behavioral Explanations Underlying the Lack of Trap Effectiveness for Small-Scale management of Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J.of Ec. Entom. 102(3): 934-940.

Switzer, P.V., Enstrom, P.C. and C.A. Schoenick. 2008. Environmental Conditions Affect Sperm Competition Risk in Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. 101(6): 1154-1161.

Szendrei, Zsofia & Rufus Isaacs. 2005. Do plants cues influence the oviposition behavior of Japanese beetles? The Netherlands Entomological Society 117: 165-174.

Tigreros, N. & Switzer, P.V. 2008. Effects of food deprivation, body size, and egg load on the mating behavior of female Japanese beetles. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 20: 89-99.

Tigreros, Natasha, R. Jadhav, K.A. Kowles, B.P. Nathan and P.V. Switzer. 2010. Physiological Status of male and Female Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Affects mating and Grouping Behavior. Environmental Entomology 39 (3): 892-897.

USDA. Department of Agriculture. 2010. Japanese Beetle Program Manual for Airports.

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Low Involvement Product Is A Household Cleaning Product Marketing Essay

In the current easy we will described the high involvement product - a good food, and the low involvement product - a household cleaning product. The good food can be considered a high involvement product because it is extremely important to ensure that a person eats healthy food. When I choose the food, I am able to choose only after long and careful consideration what product will be the most essential. Important purchases require more time, attention and efforts.

Low involvement product is a household cleaning product, because there is no need to pay a lot of attention to what I am buying. To the low involvement products there is not paid a lot of attention, because people know the specifics of what they have already bought and that the condition of the low involvement product is not so important. This product is not vital, as to buy it is a every month routine. As a rule, when a person considers buying the low involvement product, he does not pay a lot of attention to it, he just takes it and pays for it. For a person the low involvement product is not important or vital, it is just a basic need that does not require the additional attentions and a lot of time to think.

The differences between the ways I went through the purchase decision processes for the two products. When choosing the high involvement product - good food, I have devoted all my attention and knowledge to choose it. As a fact, when buying the good food, I was highly involved in the purchase, as there were significant differences between brands. I had to choose the food carefully, because I know that this product is vital for me and very important for my family. Spending extra time on choosing it, was worth it, because I was able to choose the newest product, see the “best before” date, see the quality and choose the best price among the different amounts of it. Choosing the good food is a complex task.

When choosing the low involvement product- a household cleaning product, I have chosen it and did not think about outcome, as I was familiar with this product and decided to buy it, as I have been doing this for years. When visiting the supermarket, I have made a list of what I had to buy. With the help of the list, I was able not to forget about each thing I need, even if it is basic. Choosing the household cleaning product was easy, as I have done it for many times and I like its quality and price. All in all, low involvement products, as a rule, do not have complications or cause any problems. IT is easy to choose them and to buy them.

Being the marketer of both of the two products, it will be essential to explain the understanding of the Model of Consumer Buying Behavior for the two products.

Under the purchasing behavior (including buyer behavior, consumer behavior), it refers to the behavior of the buyer regarding the sale of goods. The behavior of the sale of goods, from the purchase planning, purchase negotiation, makes the purchase; to post-purchase behavior is highly variable. According to Marketing strategy (2010), the buying behavior among merchants that also do business with the solicitation of offers and / or long negotiations and possibly also in buying bodies, is connected, and sometimes differs significantly from the purchasing behavior of non-traders, be they government agencies, often on the basis of tenders to decide, or whether they are consumers with very different behavior patterns. More generally, however, characterizing the concept of consumer behavior is encompassing all the individual actions can be associated with the purchase or consumption of economic goods observed, according to Business plans and marketing strategy (2010).

As a fact, the post purchase behavior is much more active of those, who purchased the high involvement goods. The behavior models are reflected in the purchasing of low involvement and high involvement goods. The first model, the stimulus-response model (RS model), comes from the early behaviorism, which is located in the black box model of psychology as a basis. It is greatly simplified in a direct link between a stimulus and the response, which is, therefore, a cause-effect relationship. This model was then extended in meaning by the Environmental neo behaviorists of psychological behavioral model, and the SOR paradigm for the "human factor", the organism, according to Marketing strategy (2010). This particular extension is often expressed through the intervening variable. It is admitted that an individual and his personality through his many influences and environment, has been characterized. This was manifested in the individual environmental study, and must be targeted in order to be effective again ultimately affecting behavior.

There are distinguished four classic types of purchasing behavior: extensive buying behavior, real purchasing decisions, cognitive participation and information needs are great, and the decision-making takes a long time; These are mostly high-quality, durable goods; habitual buying behavior. Habitual behavior, the search for alternatives is to be avoided, not responding to stimuli practically and this was included primarily to consumer goods; limited purchasing behavior; a limited selection of products, without favoritism; impulsive buying behavior; spontaneous affective reactions at the point of sale.

In addition, a fifth special type of purchasing behavior is known:

Variety-seeking consumer behavior – this can be related to the high involvement goods. It is considered rare, because it has unclear transitions, because the change request often results in "impulsive", so in some ways it is not "real". This classification of purchasing behavior is not analogous transfer on the consumer as a whole. A decision maker could be forced by external circumstances, in a very short time to make choices, as can also happen in the case of purchasing high involvement goods, such as good food.

The determinants of the consumer’s behavior have intrapersonal or psychological factors and interpersonal and social factors influencing the decisions. In case with the low involvement goods- household cleaning product it can be seen, that a person, having chosen the appropriate product thanks to the effective commercial and true results, does not want even think about any other product and spend his time of doing research in the low involvement products, as the particular household cleaning product meets all the requirements, according to Business plans and marketing strategy (2010).

All in all, marketing influences the personal decisions a lot, as people who take into consideration the useful advertisements, in future choose the low involvement goods automatically. And considering the high involvement goods, in this case there will always be certain preferences and the commercials not always will be able to influence effectively on the choice of a customer. Some people can not be influenced by the marketing and promotion of the goods.

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