12 solid State Chem.

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Class XII: Chemistry Chapter 1: notion of Solid State 1. Solid: Solid is a State of matter that are arranged forming particles very carefully. Constituent particles may be atoms, molecules, or ions. Properties of solids: a. they have fixed mass, volume and shape. b. Intermolecular distances are short and the Intermolecular forces are strong. c. their constituent particles have fixed positions and can only oscillate about their mean positions. d. they are heat treatments and rigid. 3. classifying on the basis of the arrangement of the constituent particles: a. Crystalline solid: the arrangement of the constituent particles is a regular and orderly arrangement. Examples: iron, copper, diamond, graphite b. amorphous solids: the arrangement of the constituent particles is an irregular order. Examples: glass, plastic, rubber 4. Properties of crystalline solids: a. they have a certain characteristic geometric shape (b). they have a long range. c. they have a sharp melting point. d. they are Anisotropic in nature i.e., their physical characteristics Show different values when measured along different directions in the same crystal. e. When cutting with a sharp edged tool, they divided into two parts and newly generated surfaces is simple and smooth. f. they have a definite and characteristic heat of fusion (g). they are called true the whole 5. Polymorphic forms or polymorphs: different crystalline forms of a substance called polymorphic forms or polymorphs. For example: graphite and diamond.

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Type of Solid molecular solid 1. Non polar 2. Polar 3. Hydrogen bonded Ionic solid ions Dipole-Dipole interactions hydrogen bonding, electrostatic or Coulombic solid SO2, HCl, NH3 H2O (ice) soft hard isolator insulator low low

Types of crystalline solids:
Constituencies for particles molecules bonding/attractive London dispersion forces or forces ...

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State Gate System

GATE STAGE LIKE SYSTEMS |
[Type the document subtitle] |
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Inés Benavente                                 |
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Cristina Casero |
25-May-13 |
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INDEX
Introduction
First Generation Models: Technology Push (1950s –Mid 1960s)
Second Generation Model
Modified Stage-Gate: A Conceptual Model Of Virtual Product Development Process

INTRODUCTION
When an Enterprise decided that it is a good moment to launch a new product to the market, it can follow several models that have been developed during the years to make sure that the structure they are following is adequate for their purpose and they are not forgetting any of the steps needed.
We have not to forget that the process to launch a product is very cost and risky. With the purpose to avoid these risks, for the company it is convenient to have a standardized and formalize process in order to reduce all the costs associated with the product as much as possible and not having problems associated with a bad structuring of the process.
The first step followed by the companies, and also for the writers specialized with this topic, was to separate the different tasks depending on what department was the one in charge of it. this model was called state –gate system
One of the problems that this model generates is that the interaction between departments was minimum: each department follows its successful and do not participate ON¬/IN the rest of the process.
With this kind of models, one task does not begin until the previous one had been finalized and the results obtained were analyzed. These types of models could make that the launching of the product was postponed, because as we can imagine they are not very practical when we use them in the real world.
A good thing we have to attribute to these kinds of models is that thanks to them, formalization and specialization tasks were developed, and until that moment it does not occur.
As it can be thought, this is not the only...

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