Class XII: Chemistry Chapter 1: notion of Solid State 1. Solid: Solid is a State of matter that are arranged forming particles very carefully. Constituent particles may be atoms, molecules, or ions. Properties of solids: a. they have fixed mass, volume and shape. b. Intermolecular distances are short and the Intermolecular forces are strong. c. their constituent particles have fixed positions and can only oscillate about their mean positions. d. they are heat treatments and rigid. 3. classifying on the basis of the arrangement of the constituent particles: a. Crystalline solid: the arrangement of the constituent particles is a regular and orderly arrangement. Examples: iron, copper, diamond, graphite b. amorphous solids: the arrangement of the constituent particles is an irregular order. Examples: glass, plastic, rubber 4. Properties of crystalline solids: a. they have a certain characteristic geometric shape (b). they have a long range. c. they have a sharp melting point. d. they are Anisotropic in nature i.e., their physical characteristics Show different values when measured along different directions in the same crystal. e. When cutting with a sharp edged tool, they divided into two parts and newly generated surfaces is simple and smooth. f. they have a definite and characteristic heat of fusion (g). they are called true the whole 5. Polymorphic forms or polymorphs: different crystalline forms of a substance called polymorphic forms or polymorphs. For example: graphite and diamond.
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Type of Solid molecular solid 1. Non polar 2. Polar 3. Hydrogen bonded Ionic solid ions Dipole-Dipole interactions hydrogen bonding, electrostatic or Coulombic solid SO2, HCl, NH3 H2O (ice) soft hard isolator insulator low low
Types of crystalline solids:
Constituencies for particles molecules bonding/attractive London dispersion forces or forces ...
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