Pakistan China In Relation Defence Analysis System History Essay

A policy governing international relations. A country's foreign policy, also called the international relations policy, is a set of goals outlining how the country will interact with other countries. General objectives that guide the activities and relationships of one state in its interactions with other states. The development of foreign policy is influenced by domestic considerations, the policies or behaviour of other states, or plans to advance specific geopolitical designs.

Pakistan's foreign policy has been marked by a complex balancing process--the result of its history, religious heritage, and geographic position. The primary objective of that policy has been to preserve Pakistan's territorial integrity and security, which have been in jeopardy since the state's inception.

A new era began with the partition of British India in 1947 and the formation of two independent, sovereign states--India and Pakistan. Both nations searched for their place in the world order and aspired to leadership roles beyond the subcontinent.

Pakistan's desire for maximum balance and diversification in its external relations has also led to close relations with China--a valuable geopolitical connection. In 1950 Pakistan recognized the new People's Republic of China, the third non-communist state and the first Muslim country to do so. The deterioration in Sino-Indian relations that culminated in the 1962 border war provided new opportunities for Pakistan's relations with China. The two countries reached agreement on the border between them, and a road was built linking China's Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region with the Northern Areas of Pakistan. China supported Pakistan diplomatically in both its 1965 and 1971 wars with India and provided Pakistan with economic and military assistance. Pakistan's China connection enabled it to facilitate the 1971 visit of United States secretary of state Henry Kissinger to that country, and in the 1980s China and the United States supplied military and economic assistance through Pakistan to the Afghan mujahidin fighting the Soviet occupation forces. Pakistan's ties with China remain strong, and friendly relations between the two countries continue to be an important factor in Pakistan's foreign policy.

China–Pakistan relations began in 1950 when Pakistan recognized the People’s Republic of China. Favourable relations with China have been a pillar of Pakistan's foreign policy. China has always helped Pakistan in each and every sector. It also supports Pakistan’s stance on Kashmir issue. China has provided its support in energy, education, communication, economic and defines sectors. It has launched great developmental projects in Pakistan. The two countries will soon carry out more advanced projects of communication including railway and road links and fibre optic. Chinese cooperation with Pakistan has reached high economic points with substantial investment from China in Pakistani infrastructural expansion. Both countries now have free trade agreements. In recent years, bilateral economic and trade cooperation between China and Pakistan have developed rapidly Pakistan and China agreed to take the bilateral trade to $15 billion by year 2011 from the existing $7 billion dollars.

After the 1990 imposition of U.S. sanctions on Pakistan, China became the country's leading arms supplier. Collaboration now includes personnel training, joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and counterterrorism efforts.

China and Pakistan share a close military relation, with China supplying a range of modern armaments to the Pakistani defines forces. The policy of having good relations between the armed forces was taken in order to counter the balance of power in the Asia. In recent years this relationship has deepened even further by having defines agreements between Pakistan and China.

Military cooperation has strengthened with joint projects producing armaments ranging from fighter jets to guided missile frigates. China has been a steady source of military equipment to the Pakistani Army and also has helped Pakistan to set-up mass weapons production factories and also has given technology assistance and modernized facilities. Now Pakistan's Army has both short- and medium-range ballistic missiles, such as the Shaheen missile series, that experts say are modifications of Chinese imports.

In the last 20 years, the countries are involved in the joint venture of several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which includes JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft, K-8 Karakorum advance training aircraft, space technology, AWACS, Al-Khalid tank, Babur cruise missile. The armies have a schedule for organizing joint military exercises. In 2007 China became Pakistan's biggest arms supplier with no strings and conditions attached; Chinese came up with a true strategic partnership.

Military cooperation has strengthened with joint projects producing armaments ranging from fighter jets to guided missile frigates. China has been a steady source of military equipment to the Pakistani Army and also has helped Pakistan to set-up mass weapons production factories and also has given technology assistance and modernized facilities. Now Pakistan's Army has both short- and medium-range ballistic missiles, such as the Shaheen missile series, that experts say are modifications of Chinese imports. In the last 20 years, the countries are involved in the joint venture of several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which includes JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft, K-8 Karakorum advance training aircraft, space technology, AWACS, Al-Khalid tank, Babur cruise missile. The armies have a schedule for organizing joint military exercises. In 2007 China became Pakistan's biggest arms supplier with no strings and conditions attached; Chinese came up with a true strategic partnership.

Recently joint naval exercises were also conducted which helped both Pakistanis and Chinese to learn from their experiences. China has also built F-22 frigates for Pakistan. Frigates will be deployed for the defines of Pakistan’s maritime interests and to meet commitments in other aspects of maritime diplomacy. Out of four the first frigate was inducted in Pakistani Navy in July 2009 and last one is expected to be in 2013.

According to Pakistan’s naval analyst this deal involves the eventual transfer of Chinese technology that will help Pakistan eventually improve its naval shipbuilding capability in a way that the country has not been helped by any of its other allies (including the U.S.).

China has taken a significant step in meeting Pakistan’s military needs with the completion of a militarily important naval frigate as part of an $800 million deal, which analysts say will further deepen Islamabad’s reliance on Beijing as a key supplier of military hardware.

China has also helped Pakistan in its nuclear program. China supplies Pakistan with nuclear technology and assistance; including what many experts suspect was the blueprint for Pakistan's nuclear bomb.

China has offered to Pakistan military aid in order to fight against the terrorist activities on their soil. China promised that they will further cooperate with Pakistan in dealing firmly with terrorists. After the aid Pakistan will also purchase military equipment from China to fight terror to which China have agreed. This will strengthen cooperation between two Armed Forces. China and Pakistan also hold joint anti-terror military exercises after regular intervals.

Recently Pakistan’s Prime Minister Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani visited China. Both countries vowed to boost up collaboration in defines and counter-terrorism. Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani invited Chinese defines industry to set up joint ventures in his country for warships and fighters. He said that Pakistan is interested in the production of defines-related equipment and setting up of local overhauling facilities, and invited the Chinese companies to invest for joint ventures in this regard.

Pakistan and China have witnessed long-term close military exchanges and carried out comprehensive military cooperation, in accordance with the sound development of the bilateral relationship.

Attaching great importance to China-Pakistan relations, China promised to work together with Pakistan to further develop the bilateral military relations.

Pakistan cherishes the traditional friendship and cooperation with China, and is ready to make concerted efforts to strengthen military ties.

Pakistan was in one of its periodic lows in its relationship with the United States till September 11, 2001 and more specifically till the precise moments the World Trade Centre in New York and the Pentagon were rammed into by Islamic Jihadi terrorists. 

Till 9/11 and in the decade preceding the hallmarks of Pakistan’s external relationships and policies were:

Pakistan-China relationship reached its highest point strategically. China with an incessant flow of blueprints, designs, and components to Pakistan facilitated it’s emergence as a nuclear weapons power with a credible missile arsenal. 

Pakistan and China’s strategic dalliance was conducted in open defiance of United States sensitivities, and periodic sanctions against both. 

United States officials, think tanks, and academia had rightly termed Pakistan as a 'rogue state', 'failed state' and the cess-pool of Islamic Jihadi terrorism. 

Pakistan held sway over Afghanistan through its creation and protégé, the Taliban. 

Afghanistan under Pakistan’s control was converted into a nursery for Islamic Jihadi terrorism and export of Islamic terrorism not only to India, but wider a field. 

Osama bin Laden and his Al Qaeda outfits regularly flitted in and out of Pakistan planning and preparing for their diabolical strikes against the United States. 

Pakistan’s acquisition of nuclear weapons and IRBMs from China and China’s tolerance of Pakistan’s state-sponsored Islamic Jihad served the mutual strategic interests of both countries, namely:

China was able to generate strategic embarrassments for the United States through Pakistan. 

Pakistan hoping thereby to use its strategic delinquencies as bargaining chips with the United States for strategic and economic gains. 

Pakistan was thus a convenient pressure point for China against the United States. 

September 11, 2001 unprecedented onslaught by Islamic Jihadi terrorists on United States symbolic citadels of its military and financial might occurred due to Pakistan’s tolerance of Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda activities on Pakistan soil and from Afghanistan, under Pakistan’s military control. 

Post 9/11, Pakistan under intense American coercion and warnings opted for what apparently appeared to be a complete strategic reversal of its policies.  Overnight, the following happened :

Pakistan abandoned the Taliban.

Pakistan hosted nearly 48,000 US troops on Pakistani soil and the use of Pakistani Air Force bases for launching of American military operations against Afghanistan. 

Pakistan apparently allowed its strategic convergences with China to lapse.

The United States very gracefully sanctified Pakistan’s strategic reversal with glorified labels of ' strategic partner in global counter-terrorism War ', 'frontline state' and in the process beatified and accorded political legitimacy to the Pakistani military dictator, General Musharraf.

Against such a backdrop, the moot question arises and has escaped due analysis in public debate is whether Pakistan’s strategic reversal post 9/11 signalled an end or a dilution of the Pakistan-China relationship.

In the immediate aftermath of 9/11 and Pakistan’s apparent willingness to be embraced by the United States, it was logical to assume that Pakistani strategic alliance was on the way to dilution if not a total change. Pakistan seemed to be enjoying the American embrace once again. 

However, by the spring of 2002, unfolding events started giving clear indications that Pakistan’s strategic alliance with China stood unchanged. These unfolding events were:

Pakistan’s continued receipt of IRBMs and missile assemblies from China, and China-facilitated supplies from North Korea. 

Pakistan’s signing of a defines pact with China with the focus on joint defines research and production. 

Exchange of high-level defines visits. 

Pakistan’s invitation to China for development and construction of her strategic naval base at Gwadar on the Makran coast. This Pakistan-China defines project has far wider strategic significance for two reasons. It gives China access and basing facilities in the Indian Ocean and in close proximity to the Straits of Hormuz.

None of the above developments in Pakistan-China strategic relationship post 9/11 contribute in any way to the United States global war against terrorism or bringing back Afghanistan to normalcy. On the contrary, these Pakistan-China developments as in the period prior to 9/11 create strategic embarrassments for US. Further, these developments and specifically the Chinese involvement in the Pak naval project at Gwadar are strategically destabilizing to South-West Asia region – a region strategically crucial for United States national security interests.

  The Pakistan-China strategic alliance did not emerge as a matter of convenience. It emerged out of strategic compulsions of both Pakistan and China and the ensuing strategic convergences. Pakistan-China strategic convergences continue to exist. 

The United States need to note that unlike the Pakistan-United States strategic relationship, the Pakistan-China strategic alliance was not born from Cold War compulsions. To that extent it will prevail and Pakistan’s strategic relationship with China will continue to be the cornerstone of Pakistan’s foreign and strategic policies.9/11 has not thwarted Pakistan’s slide into Islamic fundamentalism. In that context also, it is China, which continues to be perceived in Pakistan as a bulwark against an over-domineering United States. 

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Involuntary Labor During The Civil War Period History Essay

During the Civil War, an argument prolonged across the world about slavery. This topic became commonly known during the same time as wage labor arguments. Some people who worked with wage labor, said both, slavery and wage labor, owned the freedom and dignity of the workers.

Abolitionists, (those who were against the pro-slavery agreement), did not cooperate with wage labor opponents because they believed that slavery was substantially worse than wage labor. President Lincoln agreed with these abolitionists because in his perspective, the wage laborers had more of an opportunity to gain freedom rather than slaves because wage laborers were capable of escaping easier. Labor advocates desired abolitionists to expand their conception of sovereignty for the anti-wage labor cause. However, while most anti-slavery politicians did not do that, free labor remained a forceful power for the North in the Civil War, involving not only wage labor, but also to slavery and free soil in the West.

Pro-slavery supporters discussed that if everyone of the slaves were set free, there would be a widespread of unemployment and chaos. In their terminology, chaos meant uprisings, bloodshed, and anarchy. Those who were pro-slavery began engaged in an argument which was led by the Abolitionists. The pro-slavery movement used references including history, religious values (bible), economics, legitimacy, common good, and sympathy, to add accuracy to their arguments. Those who wanted to keep slavery argued that the dramatic end to the slave lifestyle would have had a profound and murderous economic influence in the South where the dependence on slave labor was the institution of their country. They argued for the extension of the status quo, which was providing prosperity and strength for the lower class and for all free people who relished the reward of the slave society. Those in agreement of pro-slavery also stated that slavery had occurred throughout history and that it was part of human nature. They mentioned the Greeks, the Romans, and the English owned slaves. They said that in the Bible, Abraham possessed slaves. They had pointed out in the bible, many references where it had contained the subject of slavery. They noted one of the commands bestowed by God through the Ten Commandments, “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's…man or female slave...” (Exodus 20 17-18). In the New Testament, they cited that Paul gave back a fugitive slave to his master. However, they preached that even though slavery was commonly known all over the Roman world, Jesus Christ had never said it was wrong. Those in favor of slavery argued that the society was delightful, and that it bestowed Christianity to the heathen from across the ocean. In this argument, slavery was a good thing for the imprisoned. People who agreed with pro-slavery argued that slaves were healthier and well cared after when compared with the poverty of Europe and the recruits in the Northern states. They said that their masters would look after and maintain them when they were ill and elderly, unlike those who were unemployed and had to strive to care for themselves without a helping hand.

During the Kansas-Nebraska disputes, the pro-slavery movement collided with the free soil movement. Although the Missouri Compromise limited slavery in some areas, many others sought for an area open to admired sovereignty, where the residents of the land would choose whether they wanted to be a slave or free state. Lincoln disagreed with this policy, however, on distinctly moral grounds. He briefly stated how there is no moral right in correlation with making a man a slave.

However, numerous free-soilers had distinct intentions for wanting the sections of territories to remain free. One of the reasons was the discrimination against African-Americans; they plainly did not feel like sharing their area with blacks. Some slave-masters believed that African Americans were biologically lower standard to their masters. During the 1800s, this argument was relatively critical. Slave territories established a threat to the free labor society. Without free territories in the west, wage laborers would not have any expectation of traveling west to buy an inexpensive farm and settle in. The North and South attempted to negotiate on the issue by respecting each other’s regulations. For instance, the North gave back fugitive slaves, and the South respected the constitutional rights of free African-Americans, but the majority of these superior deeds ended with the Dred Scott decision. This assessment made slavery national and liberty private, for it enforced free states to distinguish slavery. Hence, pro-slavery arguments were brought attention to the court that every black-not just slaves-had no authorized position as a person in our courts-they were possessions, and the Constitution confined the slave’s rights as a possession of their master. At that point, it then became obvious that America would not manage to survive half-slave, and half free. Therefore, when a society constructs revolving around any institution, just as the South did around slavery, it will gather up as much information as possible to support the key elements of its argument. The southerners remained very confident when voicing their opinions on the case even as the political tension escalated because they believed they had collected valuable pieces which were accurate. Their confidence is what lured citizens closer to the Civil War as well as being more engaged in more historical events.

My opinion is that I believe that one should have a voice to choose which side tends to be more accurate and wise especially in a topic like slavery. The Abolitionists and the pro-slavery groups are of great importance in the history of the Civil War and of Slavery. Those, in these two different movements, had tough decisions to make. They had the choice of embracing slavery or to be against slavery. In addition, they, as citizens, had a decision to voice their opinions why they felt slaves should or not be slaves or to be silent. Though they had many choices to make, they would have to be very wise when stating their beliefs because their decisions would change the world forever as well as the lives of others. As far as the argument goes, I think that every man deserves better than slavery. In my viewpoint, I believe every man was born free; thus, that makes them equal, under God. Though the defenders of slavery said Jesus never stated that slavery was wrong, I do not assume that that is correct. For in the bible, it states, “for in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through faith. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's offspring, heirs according to promise” (Galatians 4:3 24-30). God never liked slavery because he, like myself, believed everyone was created in his image and were equal. He also showed how he disliked slavery by using Moses, as a messenger, to lead the Israelites out of cruel bondage and slavery of Egypt to a land filled with milk and honey. Many aspects of the bible contained slavery but that was what happened during the days before Christ. If I engaged in this argument, between anti-slavery and pro-slavery, I would have chose anti-slavery because I believe no man or woman should be forced to labor involuntarily for that of another human being by being a slave.

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Introduction Of The Town Malacca History Essay

 

There is a popular story on how the town Malacca was found by Prince was out hunting one day and while resting under a tree, one of his dogs cornered a mouse-deer or 'pelandok'.

The mouse-deer in its defence attacked the dog and even forced it into the river-water. Parameswara was so taken up by the courage of the mouse-deer that he decided on the spot to found a city on the ground he was sitting on. Thus, Melaka or Malacca was born. Many claimed that the prince took this name from the 'Melaka' tree that was shading him.

Melaka was founded by Parameswara (or Raja Iskandar) the last Malay ruler of Temasik (ancient Singapore) in 1396 when he and his followers retreated up the straits to Muar, then to Sungai Ujung before settling at Bertam near the estuary of Melaka River.

Finding the place of strategic location, he decided to make a permanent settlement there, naming it "Melaka" after the name of the tree he leaned against

The Melaka Sultanate occupies a special position in the history of Malaysia. Its inauguration marked the beginning of the emergence of a new Malay empire. The birthplace of the Malay Sultanates and Malaysia's historic city, Melaka provided the stage on which the Portuguese, Dutch and English played out their roles in shaping the history.

Melaka emerged as a strong maritime trading state under the industrious Parameswara and his chiefs. Melaka also began to be noticed by Muslim traders from West Asia and India, who until that period, had been concentrating their activities in Aru, Pedir and Pasai en-route to the East, especially China. Because of its strategic location straddling the Straits of Melaka, it thrived as a port-of-call and a centre of entrepot trade with ships and merchants from China, Japan, India, Arab and South Africa.

In 1511, it fell to the hands of the Portuguese, followed by the Dutch in 1641 after a fierce battle. In 1795, Melaka was given to the British to prevent it falling to the French when the Netherlands was captured during the Napoleonic Wars. It was returned to the Dutch in 1818 under the treaty of Vienna but was later exchanged by the British for Bangkahulu, Sumatra. From 1826 onwards, the British East India Company along with Singapore and Penang governed it, under the Straits Settlement administration in Calcutta.

The Dutch, who held Melaka for over a century, left many fine buildings marking their heritage. The most imposing relic of the Dutch period is the Stadthuys, a strikingly pink town hall which is today the oldest Dutch building in the Far East. Right next to it stands the bright red Christ Church, constructed with pink bricks imported from Holland and covered with local red lacerite. Today, these buildings together with the ruins of the Portuguese built A Famosa and St. Paul's Church are the most prominent reminders of the Europeans' presence in Melaka.

After World War II, anti-colonial sentiment bred in the country among the nationalists, the result of which was the proclamation of Independence by Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, Malaysia's first Prime Minister, at the Padang Pahlawan (Warrior's Field) at Bandar Hilir, Melaka on 20 February 1956

Melaka road map - via the North-South Highway

Melaka is located on the Western Coast of Peninsular Malaysia facing the Straits of Melaka, about 147 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur and 245 kilometers from Singpore. Melaka is actually found sandwiched between the states of Negeri Sembilan and Johor. It can be reached by excellent roads from Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Internally it is serviced by a very good network of roads leading to all the historical places of interest. It covers and area of 658 square kilometers and is divided into three districts namely Alor Gajah, Melaka Tengah and Jasin.

Malacca has a population of 648,000 as of 2001. The population comprises: Malays: 50%; Chinese: 40%; Indians, including the Chitty people: a sizeable minority; Kristang, people with partial Portuguese ancestry: a small community. The major towns of Malacca are Malacca Town, Alor Gajah, Masjid Tanah, Jasin, Merlimau, Pulau Sebang and Ayer Keroh.

Malacca is well-known for its baba & nyonya style spicy cooking which normally gets served with rich coconut milk. There are numerous specialist baba & nyonya restaurants in town and the suburb area where they serve the mouth watering food, not only known to be the best in Malacca, but in the South East Asia region too. The baba-nyonya food is not the only delicacies around, there's the "satay celup" (Satay stick with raw meat/Vegas dipped in hot boiling satay sauce for cooking), "ikan bakar" which literally means barbecue fish served in grilled aluminium foil or banana leaf heavily marinated with spices that tingle the senses. Not forgetting the odd looking chicken ball rice (a rice pudding shaped like a golf ball) which you dip with chilly to consume its wholesome goodness. Also there's another local favourite - the oyster omelette served in stir fried egg, spring onions and sweet or spicy paste.

For the more adventurous and able to withstand spicy food, there's the portuguese village with a few specialty "tongue burning" dishes, the dishes that will get your stomach growling whole night after a heavy meal.

There's also a restaurant behind some obscure back lane which serves the soft-shell crab, yes !!!! ... a crab dish that you can eat the flesh together with the shell intact. This place has limited seating and one needs to book 3 days in advance to reserve a place.

The "Cin-Cau", a kind of dark grass jelly drink which has a cooling effect is popularly served at restaurants. For that icy-cool feeling, indulge in the "ice kacang" , a refreshment made of shaved ice with red beans, nuts, jelly etc.

Also not forgetting the "cendol", a kind a pandan flavoured jelly served in coconut milk. Someone even improvise on the "cendol" and invented the "durian" flavoured cendol. This is extremely popular with the local tourist but the aroma maybe a bit too pungent for overseas visitors.

There are many variation for cendol desserts offered, one of the best was the shaved ice red bean paste cendol in rich coconut milk. It's served in a small stall with barely 5 tables and every weekend afternoon, folks are literally queuing up to get a seat at the stall. The cost? Only a mere RM 1.

Another local favourite is the "Bubur Cha Cha, a sweet dessert made from steamed sweet potatoes, yam, white beans, tapioca jelly in coconut milk.

A Famosa, or "The Famous" in Portuguese, is among the oldest surviving European architectural remains in Asia. Once part of a mighty fortress, this tiny gate (called the Porta de Santiago) is all that is left of a once-mighty fortress. In 1511 a Portuguese fleet arrived under the command of Alfonso de Albequerque. His forces attacked and successfully defeated the armies of the native Sultanate. Moving quickly to consolidate his gains, Albequerque had the fortress built around a natural hill near the sea. Albequerque believed that Melaka would become an important port linking Portugal to the spice trade from China. At his time other Portuguese were establishing outposts in such places as Macau, China and Goa, India in order to create a string of friendly ports for ships heading to China and returning home to Portugal.

Air Keroh lies about 15 km east of Melaka Town, a tourist complex with hotels, golf courses, recreational forest, a zoo, a reptile park, butterfly farm, crocodile farm, aquarium, Mini Malaysia and Mini Asean.

Bukit China is situated southeast of Malacca Town, about 148 metres above sea level and covers an area of 42 hectares.

There are more than 12,500 graves on Bukit China including approximately 20 Muslim tombs. The existence of these Muslim tombs has made this Chinese cemetery all the more special and unique. Bukit China is also believed to be the oldest and largest traditional Chinese cemetery outside China. According to our records, there were also graves of Kapitans and early Chinese immigrants on the hill long before the hill was purchased from the Dutch Government in 1685 by Capitan Lee Wei King and donated to the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple as a burial ground for the Chinese community in Malacca.

The oldest tomb, more than three centuries old, is a double burial. The tomb of Mr. & Mrs. Huang Wei-Hung (situated near the basketball court of SRJK Pay Fong III) was built in the second year of Tian Hee of Ming Dynasty (1622). The weather had taken a heavy toll on the tomb, and in 1933 Cheng Hoon Teng Temple had undertaken to repair it. A stone inscription was erected to mark it. The tomb was again restored in 2001.

Bukit China Bukit China

Since the British rule until today, there had been several attempts to acquire Bukit China for road widening, land reclamation and development purposes. However, Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, which is responsible for the management of the hill, had strongly opposed these attempts. With the support of the general public, Cheng Hoon Teng Temple managed to preserve Bukit China. Bukit China is the place where early traders from China were buried.

It was stated on the stone steles that many of the Chinese traders came to this country with high expectations for success in trade. Sadly, some died before fulfilling their ambitions. Since their families did not travel with them, there was no one to pray for their souls. As such, prayers were initiated by the Chinese Kapitans for them. However, these were always hampered by strong winds and heavy rainfalls because there was no proper shelter.

Cheng Hoon Teng's Temple

Cheng Hoon Teng is a premier historical monument that has survived the ravages of time. It remains the finest of Chinese temples in Malaysia – a fact underscored by an UNESCO award for outstanding architectural restoration. The temple ranks among the most significant in Southeast Asia, being central to the spiritual aspirations of the Chinese community in historic Malacca.

This site is dedicated to the vision of Cheng Hoon Teng’s founders and the determination of its devotees to preserve their unique bastion of culture and heritage.

Christ Church

Situated near Jalan Laksamana and Jalan Gereja in Melaka city. 

This is a churh built in 1753 by Dutch to commemorate a century of their rule. It is reputed as the oldest protestant church in Malaysia. It is now an Anglican Church. The building shows the ingenuity of the Dutch architectural world. The beams were constructed from cutting and carving from a single tree and have no joints. The hand-made pews dated back some 200 years. The altar is a beautiful piece of the 'Last Supper' done in glazed tiles.

Gadek Hot Spring

Located in the District of Alor Gajah, approximately 30 km away from Malacca. It was believed that local villagers discovered the hot spring in the forest after watching some English soldiers settled around the spring. After the war, visitors from far and wide discovered that the hot spring had strong healing elements unlike many that they had encountered before. Today visitors can enjoy the spa pool or the "Soak In Pool" for those seeking therapeutic cure for skin ailments. A restuarant and playground is made available to provide additional attractions for visitors. An ideal spot for family outing.

Hang Jebat’s Mausoleum

Hang Jebat's Mausoleum

Hang Jebat was the champion of justice who died a tragic death. Hang Jebat was unceremoniously killed by Hang Tuah in a duel of honour that lasted 3 days and 3 nights. He ran amuck after suffering a fatal wound from Hang Tuah's dagger 'Keris Taming Sari.' In the name of justice to avenge the Sultan's hasty punishment against Hang Tuah for a crime he didn't commit. Hang Jebat was accused by Hang Tuah of 'derhaka' (contumacy). The duel between two of Malacca's most prominent knights has left a permanent question as to the moral behind Hang Jebat's aberrant reaction against authority and the conventions by which Hang Tuah exercised his conduct as a loyal subject of the Sultan.

Jonker Street

A definite haven for antique collectors and bargain hunters. Authentic artifacts and relics. some dating as far back as 300 years, can be found among a host of interesting collectibles, each with its own history and mystery. Jalan Hang Jebat, formerly known as Jonker Street, is known worldwide among famous antique collectors as one of the best places to hunt and bargain for antiques.

Melaka's Sultanate Palace

Malacca Sultanate Palace is an exquisite piece of Malay architecture and is a replica of the original 15th century palace of Malacca's extinct Sultanate. The palace is built based on sketches found in the ancient Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals). This wooden replica of the Sultan's palace houses the Malacca Cultural Museum.

Facing the palace is the Historic City Memorial Garden. An intriguing monument to commemorate the declaration of Malacca as a Historic City is the showpiece of this garden. The monument is topped with a replica of a Malay royal headdress, a symbol of Malaysians' allegiance to the throne. 

Resourceless Malacca with a Iand area of only 1,638 sq. metres practises a two-pronged development via industrialisation and tourism.

The state started inviting over foreign investors in the early 7Os and since then has met with commendable success. By end of 1997, the state had registered a total investment of over RM16 bil., leading to over 80,000 job opportunities.

There are now 23 industrial estates with nearly 500 factories coming from the United States, Germany, Japan, Taiwan and also Singapore.

Their products range from rubber gloves to sophisticated weaponry components and from footwear to computer parts.

The state is also keen on the development of small-scale industries and to accommodate these, a number of estates have been earmarked for them. The Tanjung Kling and Batu Berendam areas are Free Trade Zones where imported materials used in manufacture are tax-free.

Current projections include developing Malacca into a manufacturing haven to help achieve developed country status by 2020.Over 140 acres in Pegoh, Alor Gajah, have been earmarked for the automotive industry for the production of defence trucks by DRH-Hicom.

This industry is expected to provide opportunities for supporting industries, like mould and die, metal stamping, plastic injection, alternators and many others.

ANTIQUE SHOPS AND THE MODERN SHOPPING MALLS

Malacca is truly an antique shopper's paradise. Many artifacts and authentic antique items are available at more than 15 antique shops lining the busy streets of Jonker Street, affectionately known as the "street of antiques" and is well known among the international antique collectors. The street is named Jalan Hang Jebat today. Along the streets, one can find houses built in the 17th century, still standing strong and housing generations of Malaccans.

The streets are very narrow and most are converted into one-way streets. Most of the houses are very spacious, has an air-well and occupies up to 50 metres in length. It's along these streets one will find the unmistakable historical charm that is uniquely Malacca. Apart from antique shops, one can also find a few art galleries and some antique furniture shops that cater to international visitors.

Opposite the padang Pahlawan, within a short walking distance from the Dutch square is the largest shopping mall in Malacca - The Mahkota Parade. Its modern facilites and well-managed shop fronts (over 150 of them) offer visitors the comfort and luxury of shopping for just about everything under the sun "under one roof".

There are over 30 stalls in the food courts, numerous fast food chains, restaurants and even ice cream parlours to satisfy the youngest and toughest of shoppers. For entertainment, there's also a cineplex for viewing the latest movies, family video games arcade,. spa and a 30 lane spanking new bowling complex.

Introduction of financial and monetary system

The Malaysian financial system has emerged stronger and more diversified and competitive since the Asian financial crisis. And that is because The Malaysian financial landscape has undergone continuous transformation in the last decade, driven by financial liberalization and consolidation, economic transformation, technological advancements and more discerning consumers.

The Malaysian economy was flourishing prior to the crisis, with strong broad-based economic growth amidst low and stable inflation. Growth in gross domestic product averaged 8% for eight consecutive years, with low unemployment and high domestic savings. Coupled with a strong fiscal surplus and low foreign indebtedness, Malaysia’s economic fundamentals were relatively strong. The banking sector was also at its strongest position following periods of regulatory enhancements. At the time, Malaysia had already complied with 22 of the 25 Bank for International Settlements Core Principles. These developments attracted the influx of capital flows, prompting the government to introduce

Measures to prevent further overheating in the economy and address the vulnerabilities that emerged. Despite the strong fundamentals and responses of the government, the country was hit by the crisis through contagion. When all that happens the government is the one to take responsibilities on what to do.

Financial systems are crucial to the allocation of resources in a modern economy but They seeks the efficient allocation of resources among savers and borrowers. A healthy financial system requires, among other things, efficient and solvent financial intermediaries, efficient and deep markets, and a legal framework that defines clearly the rights and obligations of all agents involved.and the function of financial system is that; Financial systems help inform your organization’s planningand action plans. Financial systems also help you track and manage the resources required to successfully complete your work. These tips provide basic practices you will need to build financial sustainability in your organization.

Other reasons why developing financial systems are important include:

Financial systems and capacity help the organization to make sound decisions based on cash flow and available resources

Monitoring funds, or comparing actual income and expenses versus budgeted amounts, helps managers ensure that the necessary funds are in place to complete an activity

Most governments require that registered, charitable organizations create accounts that track income and expenses

Funders require reports that demonstrate that grants were used for intended purposes

Establishing financial controls and clear accounting procedures help ensure that funds are used for intended purposes

Transparency, clear planning and realistic projections contributes to the credibility of the organization.

FINANCIAL CONTROLS AND MONITORING

Accounting Records

Financial Planning

Financial Monitoring and Reporting

Governing Board

Internal Control

Establish a process that records every financial transaction by maintaining paper files, an

electronic database, and copying all records in a virtual library. Your organization needs to be able to demonstrate what funds were received and how funds were spent. A system should also be developed to track donations from individuals to keep donors updated of the organization’s progress or to solicit annual and repeat contributions. A separate accounting system should be developed for funding from foundations with the original proposal and budget, dates of receipt of funds, notes on allowable expenditures, and reporting requirements so that you can respond to funders’ requests for financial records or in case of audits.

Financial planning converts your organization’s objectives into a budget. The budget serves as a critical planning guide for your staff and governing board. It is a public record for funders of how you intend to spend the funds received. Financial planning allows you to review your organization, examining successes and challenges in the past. Planning also enables you to make projections and set targets, informing strategies for future success.

Drawing from the information in the accounting records, your organization can create internal reports that help monitor progress by comparing budgets to actual expenses. Frequent reviews and monitoring allows the governing board and staff to measure your organization’s progress and helps inform decisionmaking about the organization’s or a project’s future. Internal reports, sometimes called management reports, allow you to be forward thinking as you assess the financial status of the organization and what will be needed to realize your goals. Accounting records are also the source for creating external financial reports that demonstrate to funders and other stakeholders how funds have been spent. Funders may require financial reports at the completion of the project or periodically during the project’s implementation.

A governing board, whether comprised by a board of directors or leadership from the community, serves as stewards of an organization’s resources. Governing boards should participate in approving budgets, financial monitoring and reviews, and agree upon and ensure that internal controls are implemented. The board treasurer who has skills in accounting should be the lead person in working with the staff in ensuring financial accountability

Controls are organizational practices that help safeguard your assets and ensure that money is being handled properly. Controls help detect errors in accounting, prevent fraud or theft, and help support the people responsible for handling your organization’s finances. Employing financial systems that help build checks and balances, support your program planning ability, and increase your success with budgeting and assessing progress in programming, can significantly advance an organization’s capacity to begin thinking about long-term plans and financial sustainability.

Financia markets include the following;

Debt markets- Debt markets are physical and virtual forums and sets of rules that allow investors, issuers, and intermediaries to perform issuance, placement, distribution, and trading operations with the debt instruments registered in the National Securities Registry. Debt instruments are also known as fixed-rate instruments since they promise the holder a fixed cash flow and payments that are determined in accordance with a specified, pre-established formula.

Stock markets- Stock markets are physical and virtual forums and sets of rules that allow investors, issuers, and intermediaries to perform issuance, placement, distribution, and trading operations with the shares registered in the National Securities Registry

Derivatives- Through a derivatives market, participants enter into contracts with instruments whose value is derived or contingent upon the value of another asset or other assets, known as the underlying asset or assets. The key purpose of a derivatives market is to provide financial hedging or investment instruments in order to foster adequate risk management.

Foreign exchange- On a foreign exchange market, buyers and sellers trade foreign currency. The volume of foreign currency transactions determines the daily prices of various currencies , and the exchange rate with respect to the national currency.

Set of mechanisms by which a government provides money in a country's economy. It usually consists of a mint,central bank, and commercial banks OR is anything that is a ccepted as a standard of value and measure of wealth in a particular region.

http://www.monetarysystem.com/images/person.png

E-BankSupport- E- BankSupport furnishes the infrastructure services necessary to set up and maintain Monetary System applications. Through strategic relationships with vendors and software developers, E- BankSupport keeps users productive, systems humming and bank clients moving forward and equipped with the hardware and programs required for competition in this digital world. Multiple dimensions of product support are available to all participants in the Monetary System Network, including remote control digital diagnostics and systems repair.

E-BankDocs- E-BankDocs permits you to selectively grant access to privileged information to lawyers, accountants, regulators and consultants as required. Just set up their user privileges and walk away.  E- BankDocs can help speed these reviews to completion, and keep these people out of your office as much as possible.

E-BankForms- E- BankForms is our brilliant document creation application that can have anyone creating on-line forms in minutes. Choose from a wide variety of formatting options. Add, delete, or change the layout of a questionnaire with a couple mouse clicks.  Designating recipients of the data you collect is as simple as adding an email address. Publish your forms on-line instantly, without resorting to special purpose software. Get the jump on your competition with instant notifications of on-line responses. E- BankForms can add whole new dimensions to your marketing, sales, mortgage processing and administrative operations.  

Employ-E-Room- Employ-E-Room adapts the Monetary System’s capabilities to the needs of employee’s. Keep a comprehensive file of all your personnel forms on-line, and download or print hard copies on-demand and anywhere. Configure them for on-line completion and keep the information you get back safe from prying eyes. Store your policy statements in a place where employees can readily consult them, and managers can easily update them. Post employee directories and get rid of that hard copy phone book. Empoy-E-Room puts it all in reach.

E-Board- The core of the Monetary System is E-Board. This powerhouse application brings boardroom management to the E-age. It’s never been so easy to build and organize an electronic filing cabinet for your official records.  Store minutes, financials and reports in an electronic bank vault accessible only to your Board and designated staff members. E-Boards built-in communications functionality ensures that information gets information to the people who need it faster, and at lower costs. Authorized users can send bulletins, schedule meetings and retrieve important files and documentation themselves, without assistance, postage or wait time.

Available networking functions let you extend E-Board’s utility to the Boardroom itself, and give you even more control over paper flow. Download material to your   laptop computers for complete portability. Link units together for dynamic, paperless presentations. Update information in real time across the table or across the state.

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Substation And Equipment Surge Protection Engineering Essay

Substation and Equipment Surge Protection: Types, characteristics, related calculations, examples with applications for industrial systems

Gautami BhattAbstract—This paper describes the various types of surge protectors, their types and characteristics. This paper will also describes lightning surge arrestors, about them and how the power system is protected against them.

Index Terms—surge, lightening, switching, BIL, insulation, protection, substation

Each electrical equipment should have a long service life of more than 25 years. The conductors are supported on insulators/embedded in insulation system. The internal and external insulation is continually exposed to normal voltages and occasional abnormal voltages. These abnormal voltages include temporary over voltages at power frequency, lightening surges and switching surges.

Over voltages at power frequency have a low over voltage factor but a longer duration while the latter have higher voltage duration and lesser duration. Protection against power frequency over voltages is achieved by employing an over voltage relay at the secondary of a transformer or by using an Inverse definite-Minimum Time Overvoltage Relay.

Protection against transient voltage surges is achieved by the help of Surge arrtestors. The surge arrestors, coordinated spark gaps, surge suppressors, over heard ground wires, neutral earthing, shunt capacitors etc. are located strategically to intercept the lightening surges or to reduce the peak and rate of rise of surges.

Protective systems for the different abnormal voltages act at different speeds depending on the over voltage. Temporary power frequency over voltage occurs for anything between ms to s and hence the over voltage relay acts within 70ms. Lightening surges last for micro seconds and thus typically the surge arrestor acts within 1.2micro seconds. Switching surges are in the range of a couple of hundred micro seconds and surge arrestors for them are typically designed for 100micro seconds.

This paper focuses on lightening surges, their types, protection against them, and the different types of lightning surge arrestors.

Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) performed his famous experiment (1745) of kite flying in thunder cloud. Before his discovery lightening was considered to be “Act of God”. Franklin proved that the lightening stroke was due to discharge of electricity. Franklin also invented lightening rods to be fixed on tall buildings and earthed to protect them from lightening strokes.

The large spark accompanied by light produced by an abrupt, discontinuous discharge of electricity through the air, from the clouds generally under turbulent conditions of atmosphere is called lightening.

Representative values of a lightening stroke:

Voltage: 200MV

Current: 40MA

Duration: 10^-5 sec

KW:8x10^9

KWh:22

Energy:

An overhead conductor accumulates statically induced charge when charged clouds come above the conductor. If the cloud is swept away from its place, the charges on the conductor are released. The charge travels on either sides giving rise to two travelling waves. The earth wire does not prevent such surges.

Another curious phenomenon is the unpredictable paths of lightening strokes. Normally they try to reach the earth and are therefore intercepted by lightning rods, trees, tall structures, etc. Empire state building has been struck by lightning several times. However some lightning strokes do not observe any rules and travel in all sorts of Haphazard fashion.

A B type stroke occurs due to sudden change in the charges of the cloud. If cloud 1 suddenly discharges to cloud 2, there is a sudden change in the charge on cloud 3. A discharge that occurs between cloud 3 and earth is called B stroke. Such stroke does not hit lightening rod, or earth wire. No protection can be provided to the over head line against such strokes.

Attractive effect of Over Head ground wire and earth rods (MASTS):

Earth rods (also called lightning rod) are placed on tall buildings. These are connected to the earth. The positive charges accumulate on the sharp points of the lightning rods; this is why lightning strokes are attracted to them. The earth wires are placed above the over head transmission lines. At every tower this wire is grounded. The positive charges accumulate on this wire. The negatively charged strokes are attracted by the earth wire. In absence of the earth wire the lightening stroke would strike the line conductors causing flashovers in transmission line.

Earth wires do not provide 100% protection. Weak strokes are not attracted by earth wires. B type strokes are not attracted by earth wires. None the less earth wire has proved to be a good solution to very dangerous direct strokes.

Earth wires have a shielding angle. The conductors coming in the shielding zone are protected against direct strokes. The shielding angle is between 30 to 40 degrees. An angle is 35 degrees is said to be economical and satisfactory for Overhead lines.

The equipments in a substation are protected from direct lightning strikes by one of the following ways.

According to IEC masts are preferred for outdoor switchyards upto 33KV. For 66KV and above, the lightning masts become too tall and uneconomical. The overhead shielding wires are preferred because they give adequate protection and the height of structures in the substation provided with overhead shielding wires is comparatively less than that for the lightning masts

The entire switchyard is provided with earthed overhead shielding screen. The size of conductor is usually 7/9SWG, galvanized steel round stranded conductor.

Transmission line conductors are protected by overhead shielding conductor (earthed). The shielding angle (alpha) is defined as follows. A vertical line is drawn from the earth wire. Angle alpha is plotted on each side of this vertical line. The envelope within angle 2alpha is called the zone of protection.

The shielding angle according to ANSI is defined as 30 degrees while in the IEC world it is 45 degrees.

These can be the following: Direct strikes on line conductor, direct stroke on tower top, direct stroke on ground wire and indirect stroke or B stroke on overhead line conductor.

Direct strikes on overhead lines are the most harmful. The voltage being of the order several million volts, the insulators flashover, puncture, and get shattered. The wave travels to both sides shattering line insulators, until the surge is dissipated sufficiently. The wave travels to both sides shattering line insulators, until the surge is dissipated sufficiently. The wave reaches the substation and produces stress on equipment insulators. At times these strikes are prevented from striking the line conductor. All high voltage overhead lines are protected by earth conductors. This mesh covers the complete switchyard.

Direct Strokes on tower-top

Consider,

L = inductance,

I = Current in tower,

R =Effective resistance of tower.

e = voltage surge between tower-top and earth.

So if the change in current with respect to time is 10KA/ and the resistance is 5 ohms and inductance being 10micro Henry. Then e will be 200KV. This surge voltage appears between the tower top and earth. The line conditions are virtually at earth potential because of neutral grounding. Hence voltage appears between the tower top and earth. The line conductors are virtually at earth potential because of neutral grounding. Hence its voltage appears between line conductors and tower-top. If this surge voltage exceeds impulse flash-over level, a flash-over occurs between the tower and the line conductor. Therefore the resistance is kept low for each tower.

A direct stroke on earth wire in the mid-span can cause a flashover between line conductor and earth wire or line conductor and tower.

Indirect strikes on line conductor can have the same effect as direct stroke on conductor. They are more harmful for distribution lines but are not significant for EHV lines. Other factors are low tower footing resistance insulation level of lines. For lines rated above 110KV voltage level, the line insulation is high and back flashovers are rare. For line between 11KV and 33KV, the insulation of lines is relatively low and back flashovers are likely to occur.

Several devices are used in order to protect the power system against lightning surges. An overview of them is given here while some are discussed in detail.

A. Overview of protective devices against lightening surges

Device

Where Applied

Remarks

Rod gaps

across insulator string,

bushing insulator,

support insulator

Difficult to coordinate

Flashover voltage varies by

Create dead short circuit

Cheap

Over heat ground wires (earthed)

Above overhead lines

Above substation area

Provides effective protection against direct strokes on line conductors, towers, substation equipment

Vertical Masts

In substations

Used instead of providing overhead shielding wires

Lightning spikes/rods (earthed)

Above tall buildings

Protects buildings against direct strokes. Angle of protection between 30 to 40

Lightning arrestors

On incoming lines in each substation

Near terminals of transformers and generators

Pole mounted on distribution lines

Diverts overvoltage to earth without causing short-circuit

Used at every voltage level in every substation and for each line

Phase to ground

Surge absorbers

Near rotating machines or switchgear

Across series reactor valves

Resistance capacitance combination absorbs the over voltage surge and reduces steepness of wave

B. Rod gaps

The simplest protection of line insulators, equipment insulators and bushings is given by Rod gaps or coordinating gaps. The conducting rods are provided between line terminal and earthed terminal of the insulator with an adjustable gap. The medium in the gap is air. The rods are approximately 12mm in dia. or square. The gap is adjusted to breakdown at about 20% below flash-over voltage of insulator. The distance between arc path and insulator should be more than 1/3 of the gap length.

Precise protection is not possible by rod gaps. The break-down voltage varies with polarity, steepness and wave-shape, weather. The power frequency currents continue to flow even after the high voltage surge has vanished. This creates an earth fault only to be interrupted by a circuit breaker. Operation of rod gap therefore leads to discontinuity of supply. The advantage of gap is low cost and easy adjustment on site. For more precise operation, surge arrestors are used.

Horngaps, the gap between the horns is less at the bottom and large at the top. An arc is produced at the bottom during high voltage surge. This arc commutes along the horn due to electromagnetic field action and length increases. The arc may blow out.

Impulse ratio of protective devices is the ratio of breakdown voltage on specified impulse wave to breakdown voltage at power frequency.

Typical impulse ratio values are

Sphere gap: 1

Rod gap: 1.6 to 3

Horn gap: 2 to 3

Surge arrestors are usually connected between phase and ground in the distribution system; around the terminals of large medium voltage rotating machines and in HV, EHV, HVDC sub-stations to protect the apparatus insulation from lightning surges and switching surges.

The resistor blocks in the surge arrestor offer low resistance to high voltage surge and divert the high voltage surge to ground. Thereby the insulation of the protected installation is not subjected to the full surge voltage. The surge voltage does not create short-circuit like rod gaps and retains the residual voltage across its terminals.

Surge arrestor discharges current impulse surge to earth and dissipates energy in the form of heat.

After discharging the impulse wave to the earth, the resistor blocks in the surge arrester offers a very high resistance to normal power frequency voltage, acting like an open circuit.

Some of the types of surge arresters being used today in the industry are

Gapped-Silicon-carbide Surge arrestors called the valve-type or conventional Gapped arrestors. These consist of silicon-carbide discs in series with spark gap units.

Zinc-Oxide Gapless Arrestors called the ZnO Arrestors or metal oxide arrestors. These are gapless and consist of Zinc oxide discs in series. ZnO arrestors have superior V/I characteristics and higher energy absorption level. They are preferred for EHV and HVDC installations.

Fig.1-A ZnO surge arrestor[1]

Gap-type Sic Arrestors are connected between phase and earth. It consists of silicon-carbide resistor elements in series with gap elements. The resistor elements offer non-linear resistance at power frequencies, the resistor elements in series offer high resistance with gap elements. The resistor elements offer non linear resistance, at power frequency frequency over voltages, the resistance offered is large. For discharge currents the resistance is low. The gap unit consists of air gaps of appropriate length. During normal voltages, the surge arrestor does not conduct. When a surge wave travelling along the line reaches the surge arrester, the gap breaks down. Since the resistance being offered to it is low, the wave is diverted to earth. After a few micro seconds the normal frequency wave reappears across the arrester. Therefore arc current in gap unit reduces and the voltage across the gap is not enough to keep up the arc. Therefore the current flowing to the earth s automatically interrupted by and normal condition is restored. Thus, the high voltage surge is discharged to earth and the insulation of the equipments connected to it are protected.

Fig.2- Charecteristics of ZnO block[1]

Station Type

Line Type

Distribution Type

Standard normal current peak(A)

10,000

5000

2500:1500

Voltage rating

(Kv rms)

3.3-245

3.3-123

Upto 3.3

Application

Large power stations and large substations

Intermediate and medium substations

Distribution system; rural distribution

Some of the terms and definitions related to surge arrestors are given here in order to better understand the content given in this paper.

Surge Arrestor is a device designed to protect electrical equipment from transient high voltage, to limit the duration and amplitude of the follow current.

Non-linear resistor. The part of the arrester which offers a low resistance to the flow of discharge currents thus limiting the voltage across the arrestor terminals and high resistance to power frequency voltage, thus limiting the magnitude of follow current.

Rated voltage of the arrester is the maximum permissible RMS voltage between the line terminal of the arrestor as designated by the manufacturer.

It should be noted that all equipments are rated by the phase to phase voltage rating but for surge arresters phase to ground rating is the rated voltage.

Follow Current is the current that flows from connected power source through lightening arrester following the passage of the passage of the discharge current

Normal discharge current is the surge current that flows through the surge arrester after the spark over, expressed in crest value (peak value) for a specified wave. This term is used in classifying surge arrester as station type, line type distribution type.

Discharge current is the current flowing through the surge arrester after the spark over.

Power frequency spark-over voltage is the rms value of the power frequency voltage applied between the line and earth terminals of arrester and earth which causes spark over of the series gap.

Impulse spark over voltages. Highest value of voltage attained during an impulse of given polarity, of specified wave shape applied between the line terminal and the earth of an arrester before the flow of discharge current.

Residual Voltage (discharge voltage) is the voltage that appears between the line terminals and earth during the passage of the discharge current.

Rated current of a surge arrester is the maximum impulse current at which the peak discharge residual voltage is determined.

Coefficient of earthing is the ratio of the highest rms voltage of healthy phase to earhh to the phase to phase nominal voltage time hundred expressed in percentage during an earth fault on one phase.

Thus, for an effectively earthed system the coefficient of earthing Ce < 0.8

Therefore surge arrester voltage is

Ua > 0.8 * Um rms

Surge voltage (Vs) KV instantaneous is taken as 2.5 times Critical Flash Over Voltage (CFOV) of line insulation. Therefore discharge current Ia is given by

The following are the list of standard tests performed on a surge arrester according to the IEC

1/50 impulse spark over test.

Wave front impulse sparkover test.

Peak discharge residual voltage at low current.

Peak discharge residual voltage at rated diverter current.

Impulse current withstand test.

Switching-impulse voltage test.

Discharge capability of durability.

Transmission line discharge test.

Low current long-duration test.

Power duty cycle test.

Pressure-relief test.

Acknowledgment

The author would like to sincerely thank and express her gratitude to Prof. Robert Spiewak for his guidance and support and the references he provided.

K.C. Agrawal, Industrial Power engineering applications handbook, Newnes Power Engineering Series

S. Rao, Switchgear Protection and Power systems, Khanna Publications

IEEE Std. 141, IEEE Recommended Practice for electrical Power distribution for industrial plants

Gautami Bhatt (MEE’10) is a M.E.E in Power and Control Engineering from the University of Houston.

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Suitable Material For Tubing And Piping Engineering Essay

The metallurgy of tubing is a very important factor while choosing tubing for a particular environment. Generally the tubing is made up of carbon or low alloy steels, martensitic stainless steel, Duplex stainless steel or other corrosion resistant alloys like Nickel-base alloy etc.

METALLURGY FOR TUBING

Carbon steel is an alloy of carbon and iron containing up to 2% carbon and up to 1.65% manganese and residual quantities of other elements.Steels with a total alloying element content of less than about 5% but more than specified for carbon steel are designated as low alloy steel.Carbon steel is the most common alloy used in oil industry because of its relatively low cost.

Though corrosion resistance of these steels is limited still they have been used in oil industry since long satisfactorily. They are suitable for mildly corrosive environments like low partial pressure of CO2 & low partial pressure of H2S.

A material selected for a particular environment may not remain suitable in the case the environmental conditions change.CO2 can cause extreme weight loss corrosion & localized corrosion, H2S can cause sulphide stress cracking and corrosion. Chlorides at high temperature can cause stress corrosion cracking and pitting of metals, while low pH in general increases corrosion rate.

For example the following material are considered to be resistant to sulphide stress cracking :

Low and medium alloy carbon, containing less than 1% nickel.

AISI 300 series stainless steels (Austenitic) that is fully annealed and free of cold work.

The following materials have been found to have little or no resistance to sulphide stress cracking:

AISI Grades 420 and 13% Cr martensitic stainless steel.

All cold finished steels including low and medium alloy steels, many variety of stainless steel.

The limitations of Carbon steel, 9-Cr-1 Mo, 13-Cr, Duplex stainless steel are encountered in various environments and downhole operations.

METALLURGY OPTIONS FOR TUBING

The various metallurgical options examined for tubing and other downhole equipment are Carbon & Low Alloy Steels, 9 Cr-1Mo steel, 13% Cr stainless steel, Duplex Stainless steel and nickel based alloys.

A brief of the suitability and limitations of these materials in various environments encountered in oil and gas wells:

9Cr-1Mo steel

This steel is immune to stress corrosion cracking in the presence of chlorides like other nickel free low alloy steels.

Corrosion resistance of this steel in the presence of H2S is poor. Hence it is not used in tubing metallurgy commonly.

13Cr Stainless steel

This steel can be used upto 100 atms CO2 partial pressure and upto 150 degree Celsius temperature with chloride upto 50 gms/L.

This martensitic grade is known to be susceptible to sulphide stress cracking in sour environment.This material is generally used for sweet wells where minimum souring is expected.

Duplex Stainless Steel

Duplex SS has excellent corrosion resistance in CO2 environment.

The limitation of their usage is their susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking at high temperature and limited resistance to sulphide stress cracking, when H2S is present in the produced fluid.

Nickel Based Alloys

Nickel based alloys are required to be used in extremely corrosive conditions involving very high partial pressure of H2S and CO2 along with presence of free sulphur or oxygen.

SELECTION OF TUBING METALLURGY

From the various metallurgical options I have analyzed, it can be concluded that low alloy carbon steel is not suitable for the wells where high corrosion risk involved, particularly in offshore. If low allow materials were to be used, an intensive corrosion inhibitor treatment program is essential. However, even with the best of programs, the solution to the problem would be trial and error.

Although 9Cr-1 Mo steels are resistant to CO2 attack, they should not be considered for this application since their application in chloride environment is limited up to 10 gms/l (1%).With the high concentrations of chlorides coupled with the high well bore temperature; this material is not suitable for downhole use in these wells.

Duplex stainless steel is susceptible to chloride stress cracking and should not be used with the CaCl2 packer fluid. Also, the price for Duplex material is three to four times the cost of 13 Cr SS material, which would make it economically unacceptable.

Hence, in spite of the additional up-front cost for tubing , it is recommended that based on the caliper survey results , high corrosion risk wells of field should be re-completed with 13% Cr SS L-80 tubing material.

PROBLEMS OBSERVED

The occurrence of metal loss corrosion in pipeline is caused by the presence of corrodents in the produced water. Internal corrosion in pipeline can be caused by the presence of mill scale, slag inclusions, improper heat treatment, improper welding, too high or too low velocity etc. The erosion/corrosion effect can be caused by too high fluid velocity. Water and sludge build develop with too low fluid velocity that may cause pitting and bacteria infestations. At low fluid velocity, water will tend to segregate to the bottom of the pipeline. Once the pipeline is water wetted, the corrosion begins. When corrosion is not controlled, time to first failure due to corrosion will be normally from three to twelve years depending on the wall thickness and operating conditions.

Corrosion of most material is inevitable and can seldom be completely eliminated. But it can be controlled by carefully selecting material and protection methods at the design stage. For example, as carbon steel is less resistance to corrosion allowance is given in addition to the design thickness when they are expected to handle moderately corrosive fluid. Similarly, external surface of the pipeline are protected from corrosive soils by providing protective coatings. Still, there is always unexpected failure which results from one or more of the following reasons :

Poor choice of material

Defective fabrication

Improper design

Inadequate protection/maintenance

Defective material

CONCLUSION

Corrosion due to presence of CO2 gas along with unfavorable water chemistry is the cause of the piping failures.

It is recommended that tubing metallurgy shall be of L-80 13 Cr stainless steel with premium joints.

The downhole metallurgy shall be 13 Cr SS.

Elastomeric material like shall be used for downhole and well head equipment.

These elastomeric materials include:

Nitrile: A rubber compound with base material as Butadiene Acrylonitrile.

Viton : A fluoroelastomer manufactured by Dupont.

Fluorel :A fluoroelastomer manufactured by 3M company.

Ryton : A polyphenylene sulfide manufactured by Philips Petroleum Company.

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Secured Products To Function Engineering Essay

 

We need to look at the assembly because it is a key activity in manufacturing, as most products consist of several parts which must be collected together and secured for product to function.

Also it give us degree of movement freedom and mobility for various elements and enable material differentiation .therefore the various assembly methods can be classified into three elementary methods, manual assembly, mechanical assembly and robotic assembly

Assembly is very common, and perhaps regarded as necessary, but we should try to avoid it where ever we can, that way effects have been in over the years to find other methods to avoid assembly.

Due to high cost of labour, another method was considered, which is the automation and its main goals is to integrate various aspects of manufacturing operations to improve quality and minimize time cycle and labour cost.

Also it improves productivity, reduce human involvement, raise level of safety to personnel and reduce cost in raw material.

1.1 Flexibility is where the various individual manufacturing systems are incorporated into a single large scale system, in which the production of parts is controlled with the aid of a computer, and the advantages of this production system is a high flexibility for small effort and short time required to manufacture a new product.

1.2 Manual assembly: in manual assembly, the most significant factors are the sensors available in the form of vision, touch and sometimes hearing, also the ability of the assembler to make sensible judgment very quickly.

For parts with tolerances defects, the judgment becomes important when assembly, and the possibility that exist are: the part inserted can not reach its final location or the pert reaches the final location but does not give the require assembly.

Manual assembly is used in production situation where the work to be performed can be divided into small tasks, and the advantages in using manual assembly is using specialisation of labour by giving each one set of tasks to do repeat ably , this require high labour content therefore results in high cost.

It is a system where mechanical, electrical and computer-based system is used to operate and control production, this technology includes automatic machine tools, automatic assembly machines, industrial robot, storage automatic inspection system, feed back control and computer process control.

Types of automations : Fixed automation ,Flexible automation and programmable automation.

Reasons for Automating : some of these important reasons for automating are as follows :

Increase productivity, this mean grater out pit per hour of labour input , higher production rate achieved with automation than with manual operation.

High cost of labour: is enforcing business leaders to substitute machines for human labour.

Labour shortage.

Safety: by using automation the operation and transferring the operator from an active participation to a super visionary roll, work is made safer.

High cost of raw material: in manufacturing results in the need for greater efficiency is using this material, the reduction of scrap is one of these benefits.

Therefore when large production required quantity and high production rates, automation is used and examples of these products are:

Electric components.

Electronic components.

Bolting plants.

Tablet manufacturing plants etc.

1.4 The advantages of automated systems are:

Reduce labour cost and manufacturing lead time.

Increase labour productivity.

Improve product quality.

Increase production rate.

Reduce material handling cost and time.

Increase manufacturing control.

Improve workers safety.

Overcome limitation of manual labour,

Too expensive.

Some tasks are too difficult to automate.

Problems with physical access to work location.

Short product life cycle.

Usually one of a kind product is produced.

Reduce the risk of product failure.

1.5 The objective of the assignment is try to implement all the knowledge gained in the automation module on the chosen artefact “the electric switch”, and the intention is to disassemble the exercise, study it carefully and design a system to be assembled in large quantities and cost effectiveness by means of automation and manual processes.

Marketing history

The single electric switch is the most common type of switches, as it is found in

every house, office or factory, it is essential to the power source as its simple and

easy to use and economic due to low price.

There are more than one type on this off/on switch, single, double and they are

made of different type materials, plastic ,steel coated , chrome plated etc ,this

makes its prices varies

The main components of the lighting switch are:

Base: it is usually made of plastic material (pvc), and some manufacturer makes

them from chrome plated steel or any other safe long life material.

The switch button: it is the mechanical part of the switch ( acts as actuator), as its main function is to initiate the switch circuit operation (open and close), and is made of the same material as the base. For safety reasons the material should be a very good insulator.

2b- Spring: it is a small spring made of good steel, and is part of the mechanical

action, and assists in switching the power from on to off and vice versa

also due to its elasticity it last along time and prevents contact between solid parts.

Housing: this is the main part of the switch, as it contains all the electrical parts (terminals and their accessories), and is moulded plastic products ,which makes it good insulator to all the power terminals.

3a- Terminal (1) : consists of a block ,element, and a screw for tightening the

electrical wire, brass or copper is usually the martial that terminals are made of ,

and as known are good electricity conductors. (This is the common terminal)

3b- Terminals (2) & (3), made from the same material as terminal (1), the contacts

in all terminal are made of low resistance metal that makes or break the circuit

Each terminal consist of block (3b), element (3b1) and wire fasten screw (3b2).

Screw: fastens the housing assembly to the main base

1

2

2a

3

3a

3a1

3a2

3b

3b1

3b2

4

Base

Button

spring

Housing

Terminal 1(block)

Element

Screw

Terminal 2”block”(2 ea )

Element (2ea)

Screw (2ea)

Fastening screws

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Load Assembly base into work carrier

Assembly subassembly Button

Assembly subassembly Terminal 1

Assembly subassembly Terminal 2

Assembly subassembly Terminal 3

Assembly subassembly housing to base

Check

Assembly screw

Remove compete switch

switch

Base

1

Button sub assy 2

Sub assembly housing

3

Screw

4

2

2a

3

Terminal 3a

3b (2 each)

3a

3a 1

3a 2

3b(2)

3b1(2)

3b2 (2)

b) Product structure

2

2b

4

1

3

3a

3a1

3a2

3b

3b1

3b2

c) Assembly structure based components

2

1

6

7

8

9

5

3

4

d) Assembly structure based on subassemblies

Product and Assembly Structure Charts

Component

description

Component number

Functional analysis

Manufacturing analysis

Feeding/loading analysis

Gripping Process

Work holding process

Inspection Process

Non Assembly Process

Sub assembly Total

Assembly Total

1.2

Base

1

A

1.3

2.2

1.5

Button

2

A

1.2

1

1

1

Spring

2a

A

2.1

1

1

Housing

3

A

1.3

2.2

1

Terminal 1

3a

A

1.5

1.5

1

Element

3a1

A

2.4

4

1

Screw

3a2

B

2.1

2.2

1

Terminal 2

3b

A

1.5

1.5

1

Element

3b1

A

2.4

4

1

Screw

3b2

B

2.1

2.2

1

1.5

Screw

4

B

2.1

2.2

1

Total

11

20

23

13.7

Design Efficiency = A component 8 x 100% = 72

Total Compts 11

Feeding Handling Ratio = Index Total ___20_____ = 1.8

A copmts 11

Fitting Ratio = Gripp-fit fix = __________________

A Compts

The design for assembly addresses product structure simplification; sense the total number of parts in a product is a key indicator of product assembly quality

A number on different DFA methods have bee development, and to be any interest to designers they need to be:

Complete i.e. have objectivity and creativity.

Systematic- which helps to ensure that all relevant issues are considered i.e. the organization of objective and creative parts of DFA methods.

Measurable and user-friendly

3.1 Lucas Method the method is based around an” assembly sequence flowchart”. The Lucas/Hull group has developed a knowledge based evaluation technique, it follows a procedure in which the important aspects of assemble and component manufacture are considered and rated. The system is to be integrated into a CAD system, where it should be possible to obtain the information required for the analysis work with the minimum of effort and time.

- Functional analysis

- Handling analysis, and this can be manual or feeding assembly

-Fitting analysis

Depending on this method the Artefact was disassembled and a view drawn shown all components (pieces), also a build up structure and an assembly structure were made (page 6).

3.2 Functional Analysis: is carried out according to the rule of value analysis and activities, degree of functional importance is then categorized.

Each activity is put to the system in turn, a description and name is given for parts.

The assembly parts for the artefact were carefully investigated and categorised into either “A” parts (demand by function) and “B” parts, and these by design only, from that the design for efficiency was:

NO of “A” components x100

Total NO of components

8 x 100 = 72%

11

As all components and subassemblies manufactured in different places and will be presented to same point for assembly so our analysis considered three areas:

Handling difficulties

The size of the component

The weight of the component

The transfer mechanism of a flow line must not only move partially completed work parts or assemblies between stations, it must also orient and locate the parts in the correct position for processing at each station, the general method for transporting can be classified to:

Continuous transfer

Synchronous transfer

Power and free transfer

The most suitable type of transport system for a given application depends on the following factors:

-The type of operation to be performed.

The number of stations on the line.

The work piece size and weight.

There are a various types of parts feeding devises and the most common are:

- Hopper, where components are loaded at the work station, they usually loaded into the hopper in bulk; this means they are randomly orientated in the hopper.

- Parts feeder: This mechanism removes the components from the hopper one at a time for delivery.

- Orientator: where proper orientation is established

- Feed back: used to transfer the components from the hopper and parts feeder to the location of the assembly work head.

The quality of gripping is the ability to hold a part in a way that allows the part to be inserted with the proviso that insertion is possible.

In manual assembly, the parts handling does not have gripping problems because of ability of people to perform insertion operation despite poor relationship between the mating parts.

The best grip must be a three point grip whose lines of action equally

spaced and act through a common point

Another common possibility is a three point grip, where positional errors perpendicular to the direction of grip are possible.

For flexible assembly it is advised to do the following for different tasks:

Use a universal gripper.

Use a turret of gripper.

Use gripper changing.

Use special multi-purpose gripper

The gripping is usually used for the parts witch are difficult to assemble in position due to its size or shape, and this case it is needed when assembly of the power wiring screws and the terminals in the housing.

In manual insertion, the basic insertion action is different to the automatic one. The part being inserted is deliberately misaligned so that contact is established between the mating parts, a combination of touch and sight then interact with the movement to do the operation.

There are three examples show this:

Even in blind situation, one a contact has been made the insertion operation is easy. Attempts by operator to achieve a relatively open tolerance insertion with out mating parts touching are usually unsuccessful.

People are not good at close tolerances.

In automated assembly no touch is needed if there is good alignment.

There are common design roles for assembly processes:

Insert from vertically.

Use chambers, tapers to assist in alignment.

Choose open tolerances as possible.

Do not have more than one insertion site.

Design so the can be released as soon as insertion has started

From the previous analysis tables there are two steps can be taken to redesign the “switch” or artefact:

- The terminal should come as a complete unit, this means the element is welded to the block and the screw in position, this will minimise the steps of the assembly and safe time and cost.

- The housing can be assembled to base by means of” snap fitting instead of the fastening screws.

The outcome of this redesign will result in:

A Reducing parts count

B Ensuring a visible assembly process at a minimum cost

C Reliable automatic assembly achieved

d- Standardisation of components

The FMS provides the efficiency of mass production for batch production, and its main advantages are:

- Increased productivity

- Shorten preparation time for new products

- Reduction of inventory parts

- Saving of labour cost

- Improved product quality

- Attracting skilled people

- Improved operators safety

4.1 Activity Flow Chart

Vibrator Bowel

5

Refuse tray

Poka Yoka

Stack magazine

Linear vibrator

1

4

2

3

Full Ballet

Pallet Magazine

6

ROBOT

Rotary Bowel Feeder

Feed the housing by means of a stack magazine, this magazine must be set up for each “switch” variant. (The housing should be held into the work carrier and secured).

Feed subassembly terminal 1 with the aid of a ballet magazine.

Feed subassembly terminals 2&3 with the aid of a ballet magazine.

Feed the base by the aid of a linear vibrator.

Feed button in base by the aid of vibrator bowel.

Feed the spring by the means of vibratory bowel feeder

Place the subassembly housing on base by means of snap.

Remove of acceptable completed assemblies with the aid of an index transfer system provided with ballets.

The sequences are handled with a Scara Robot with a gripper change system which are used to handle the terminals.

There are 3 work stations in this assembly, the assembly of the housing station, the assembly of the base station, and the third is the completed assembly station

The feed devises used are

Ballet magazine.

Stack magazine.

Linear vibrator.

Vibrator bowel

Poka Yoka : is used to test if the terminals are fitted in position or not.

The advantages of the proposal of re-designing the artefact could be summarized in the following:

Lower manpower cost.

Less automation or feeders) used.

Less time.

More productivity.

More safety

The cost after the re-design proposal should in general be cut down, and regarding the implementation stages there is no transfer from manual to semi-automation noted, but the main changes occurred are in the terminals, as they feed pre-assembled, so this will reduce time ,automated equipment and tooling.

Also the fasten screw is replaced by means of snap fitting, which will result in increase of the “A” numbers and therefore increase in the overhaul efficiency.

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Impact Of Industrialized Wheat Farming History Essay

 

Industrialization had a great impact on all areas of economy; agriculture included; it came as a result of the problems and hardships which the farmers were experiencing in that era. Also the need for mass production of agricultural produce pushed for industrialization. Industrialization is defined as a process of economic or social change where by a society is transformed from a non industrial state to an industrial state. Industrialization is characterized by technological innovations and advancements.

The region of southern plains comprises of the states of:

Texas,

New Mexico,

Arkansas,

Oklahoma.

This regions climate is diverse; it ranges from subtropical climate to desert climate (United States Department of Agriculture). As wheat unlike many other crops does not require a lot of moisture, it did well in these regions ever since they began producing it. Industrialization in the USA is believed to have transformed farming methods from primitive ways to modern ways which also helped transform the whole U.S.A economy. According to About.com, the history of agriculture in the USA saw some notable changes which included, emergence of rubber tires for tractors and other machinery, and increased production of farm produce to emergence of machinery use.

During this era of the 1930s, wheat was so much in demand and it was one of the most used produce. (1930’s Dust Bowl). According to Wessels: Living history Farm, it is suggested that industrialization came in handy to the farmers, before the emergence of use of machines, human energy was applied during farming, digging, weeding and harvesting were all manually done, these had an effect on the out put of the from the farms with increased demand for the produce new means of farming had to be improvised. It is also during this period that the American economy had experienced the great depression, which had an impact on the acquisition of the farm machinery which was to replace human and animal energy input in the farms.

During this era (1930s), some of the machines desired and made for wheat farming were:

Plows: which for the first time were mounted on tractors they replaced those which where mounted on horse pulled carriages

Planters: which were made and adopted for their accuracy and speed in seed distribution, they could also do a lot of work as compared to the ones they used before.

Mechanical cultivators: which emerged with the invention of tricycle tractors

Harvesters: invented in 1935 and could be operated by one person and saved the cost of hiring hundreds of people to clear the firms.

In the southern plains, when farmers adopted industrialized wheat production in the 1930’s a lot in the region and in the whole country changed. This southern plains region is where wheat farming was dominant, and was a great source of economy for the country.

Due to much demand for the wheat and availability of farming tools, vast grass lands were cleared and ploughed, this had an effect in the environment, as the open land was susceptible to soil erosion which affected the wheat growing region (Encyclopedia of Oklahoma history and Culture). This was also cited as the major cause of the 1930’s dust bowl; the dust storms. This was because of the mass clearing of the vegetation to provide enough land to plant more wheat due to the demand that had come and The southern plains states where the chief suppliers of wheat: For example Panhandle millions of acres had been cleared. During the 1934 up to 1936 drought hit the land and it dried and due to lack of vegetation cover, the land was open and dust storms hit the region. After the drought, there also came a session of heavy rainfall that caused destructive floods.

Industrialized wheat farming in the southern plains had made farmers acquire farming machinery and equipment that were expensive, many farmers had got the machinery on credit and this was a strain to them, during the great depression, and the time of the drought, farming had become a nightmare as there was no money and rain to ensure a successful farming. Many farmers lacked money to pay for the maintenance of their farming equipments. This also led to over cultivating of the land in order to increase their income.

Availability of farming machinery and use of them ensured an increased cultivation of land and explained above, which consequently caused destruction of the land through soil erosion. As a result, this brought about a new concern of soil conservation that also led to new farming techniques and methods, (1930’s dust bowl)

Due to mass production of wheat brought about by industrialization, their excessive supply which forced the prices to go down. This was also another blow to the farmers who were also recovering from the depression of 1930. They needed supplementary income and this also led to advancements of farming methods.

Due to the use of machines and other farm equipments there was reduction of farm workers needed to do the task, one harvester could harvest wheat in large scale more than what human labor could do (Schillinger and Papendick)

Despite the great depression experienced, the industrialized wheat production had a very good impact on the farmers. According to (Schillinger and Papendick) the life of the rural Americans who farmed wheat had began to greatly change. Horses where replaced by the fuel driven tractors, there was also a tremendous change in the way farming was conducted. These were also the period when there were wars and this had increased the demand for wheat, this also led to rural electrification which made life simpler and good in the rural farms.

Industrialized wheat production also led to growth of the other sectors of the economy. The machinery demand caused a rise and establishment of heavy machinery firms that satisfied the demand for the machinery and also for spare parts. Also the need for metals to make the machinery saw the emergence of metal industries consequently many people were employed to work in the firms and this saw a rise for new Labour force.

Industrialized wheat farming in the southern plains also led to specialization in different areas of production. Due to demands for mass production, wheat farmers who had combined wheat farming and keeping of animals turned to wheat production only. This also made sure that animal farmers also specialized in rearing their animals and their industry also grew.

Industrialized wheat production did well to the southern plains by boosting their image. For example, Panhandle’s Texas County become one of the most important region in the whole country as it was the nations top producer of wheat with also other southern plain regions following behind.

The industrialized farming also led to major improvements in the manufacturing of fertilizers: For example the N fertilizer. There was N deficiency in the soils due to years of continued cultivation. The rotational growing of legumes to supply N was not possible because of the dry environment. When this fertilizer was invented, the crops had supply of nutrients from another source apart from water supply (Schillinger and Papendick).

In the 1920s the first major diseases had emerged and they affected farmers seriously. By 1932, with industrialization, scientist had invented agrochemicals which were helpful in fighting the diseases. Oregon Agricultural college release Alicel and Elgin id 1919 1d 1932 respectively (Schillinger and Papendick).

Industrialization also comes with its risks, use of machines and equipments also posed a health risk to the people who were involved in their operation. Accidents in the farms, pollution from the fuel powered machinery began to affects health of the people operating the machinery and also those in the regions where the machines were being utilized (Two Green Thumbs Down-Way down)

Industrialization led to the need for vast pieces lands due to the need of mass production to satisfy the high demand for wheat that was created due to the wars. This led to displacement of residents of the lands who where to create more land for farming. As a result other small scale farmers lost their lands to the large scale farmers, as mass production was believed to be the main trend in farming (Two Green Thumbs Down-Way down).

The emergence of industries and more milling factories and other industries that came up because of the wheat factory, led to urbanization of the rural area close to the firming areas. Facilities like electricity penetrated in the rural areas and this generally meant improved life styles among the natives. This also saw growth of small towns to big towns which also became trading centers.

Industrialized production included the use of farming chemicals. These Agrochemicals led to emergency of new diseases as they hazardous to life. The sprayed chemicals could move by air and water and affect people even in the neighboring southern plains regions. Also with much development in the agrochemicals sector, more and more diseases emerged and pose a threat to health of people (Two Green Thumbs Down-Way down).

Industrialized wheat production caused job losses. This is due to the massive usage of machines which replaced human labor. Many people were forced to look for other ways to satisfy their daily needs. This also caused rural urban migration as people went to look for employment.

As seen from the above points, industrialized wheat production had great impact on the southern plains region. The impacts were both positive and negative, but for the positive impact seems to out weigh the negative effects. Industrialized wheat production was a sign of overall nation prosperity that saw the emergency of even other industries in that time. Mass production also saw a start of a period of specialization that led to production of high quality produce with high quality. Such produce fetched a lot of money.

The great 1930 depression also affected the production of wheat at that time but due to the high demand of wheat the great southern plains region still prospered. Industrialized agriculture also as indicated in this work also saw the invention of new agrochemicals that proved to be good in fighting the common wheat diseases that had terrorized the wheat farms. Industrialized farming was indeed benefit to the local small scale farmers who had a big demand that they couldn’t satisfy.

On the negative side as seen in the above work, the sand storm which occurred after the three year drought was also to a bigger percentage caused by the mass cultivation of the wheat, the land was cleared and when it dried due to large number of horses and lack of vegetation the soil was loose and this made the place be susceptible to the sand storms that hit the region and disrupted normal human life. The use of the pesticides to be sprayed on the wheat farms, the fertilizers were also health hazards that were associated with emergence of new diseases that were know to claim lives. All in all this negative effect should be seen as the cost of a change change in agriculture that brought new life style to the natives of the Great Plains region, therefore after analyzing these two sides we can conclude that, industrialized wheat production had a lot of effect to the southern plains region.

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