Egypt And The Revolutions In The 19th Century History Essay

Although Egypt was included in many wars and had man revolutions that was made by the Egyptian's civilians Egypt was and stayed a strong country. In the beginning of the 19th century Egypt was an unfamiliar country to Europe for one reason and it is that Egypt is a Muslim country and Europe was a Christian continent.

The First European invasion against Egypt was lead by Napoleon. A French army landed near the western mouth of the Nile River in 1798. The First Egyptian Revolution started lead by the Mamaluks because they wanted France to get out of Egypt. The French army's goal was to stop the trade that was happening between England and India. The French army's goal was not achieved but they were successful to defeat Egypt's Ottoman defenders but then their fleet was sunk by the British. The Napoleon invasion made all Europe interested in invading Egypt. In 1799 the French Revolution started to try to take control of the Levant and failed because of two main reasons. Firstly a very good fighter fought against the French army. Secondly the French army got a plague on their way.

In 1800 there was a treaty called the Areesh treaty and this treaty said that France will leave Egypt for the Ottomans and also France should return under the control of the Ottoman Empire. In 1801 Omar Makram lead the second Egyptian revolution against the French and this revolution's goal was to make France go out of Egypt and this revolution's goal was partially achieved because only part of the French campaign left Egypt.

In 1805 Mohamed Ali came to rule Egypt. Mohamed Ali defeated the rest of the French army in Egypt and he also got rid of the Mamaluks. Mohamed Ali also established Egypt's independence from the Ottoman Empire. Mohamed Ali also defeated Britain's short lived campaign which was lead by Frazer. Mohamed Ali started modernizing Egypt by modernizing Egypt's education by sending Egyptian teachers on educational campaigns to France. Mohamed Ali modernized the trade between Egypt trade and industrialization and economy. He also built the military and the navy. He founded the first book publisher.

In 1825 Egypt became kingdom. In 1831 Mohamed Ali tried to take control of the Levant from the Ottoman. This campaign ended with a treaty which states that if Mohamed Ali left the Ottoman Empire in peace his family would inherit the kingdom of Egypt.

In 1848 Abbas started to rule Egypt. Abbas had a different theory than Mohamed Ali. Abbas thought that if he kept modernizing Egypt, Egypt will be an interest to every country so he started to destroy what Mohamed Ali did. The important thing that Mohamed Ali had done and Abbas continued it was sending educational campaigns to France.

In 1854 Saied started to rule Egypt. Saied's theory was like his grandfather. Abbas tried to redo what Mohamed Ali did. Saied started the Suez Canal project in 1854. The Suez Canal is a very important project and it help in many ways and it also helps many people. Building the Suez Canal needed a lot of money and Egypt did not have enough money to complete the project, so Saied was forced to sign a treaty which stated that France would take all the money from the Suez Canal for 99 years.

There are three important effects made by the Suez Canal. Firstly is because people wanted to live beside the Nile so they could have better crops so he made the Suez Canal so there is more space for people to farm on and this will increase the crops and by increasing the crops there will be more money. Secondly to store the water in the Suez Canal. Thirdly because the Suez Canal would bring a massive amount of money for Egypt because every ship that passes from the Suez Canal pays money and that makes the Suez Canal the main source of money in Egypt now.

Khedive Ismail starts to rule Egypt from 1863. Ismail tried to make Egypt in a higher position between other countries and he also tried to make Cairo like Paris. Egypt at Ismail's time was one of the two countries that were selling cotton. Egypt and USA were the two countries who sold cotton at this time. When both countries were selling cotton at the same time the cotton price was not very expensive. Fortunately USA had a war which made them stop selling cotton. This made the cotton price high. This made more money come to Egypt. Khedive Ismail loaned money from France and Britain so he could achieve his goal which was making Cairo like Paris and he depended on the cotton to pay Paris and Britain the money he loaned. Unfortunately the war that the USA was in ended and they returned to sell cotton and not only that they sold cotton they had but they also sold cotton that they stored during the war. That made the price of the cotton very cheap. After USA returned to sell cotton again and the price of the cotton went down again. Also after Egypt became one of the top 5 countries in the world. Egypt did not have enough money to neither achieve Khedive Ismail's goal or paying the money that Khedive Ismail took from Britain and France.

In 1879 started the Oraby revolution against Khedive Ismail. This revolution was led by Ahmed Oraby. The Oraby revolution succeeded in making Ismail not ruling Egypt anymore. After Khedive Ismail came Khedive Tewfik to rule Egypt. While Khedive Tewfik was ruling Egypt Britain came and invaded Egypt for several years because they wanted their money that Khedive Ismail loaned from them.

Khedive Tewfik dies and he is succeeded by Abbas II. While Abbas II was ruling Egypt Mustafa Kamal found Al lawak paper. In the paper his goal was to try to make Egypt independent from Britain.

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Politics And Economy Of Nineteenth Century Latin American History Essay

History » Politics And Economy Of Nineteenth Century Latin American History Essay

Latin America, so called today, was originally home to great civilizations such as the Aztec, Maya, and Inca. However, by the end of the sixteenth century, these civilizations were wiped out and most of Latin America was colonized by Europeans, particularly the Spanish and Portuguese who speak the Latin-languages. And a long time passed before this region saw light. Inspired by the American and French Revolutions, and due to the weakening of Spain and Portugal, Latin American nations began independence movements in the nineteenth century. Starting with Haiti in 1804, most nations gained independence by 1825. This was to bring immense hope to the people of Latin America. But instead, despair was brought and consequences of independence were severe. The economy and politics were tremendously instable and became even worse than the colonial period. Serious economic setbacks occurred and foreign intervention increased as outsiders looked to take advantage of the troubled region. Dictators emerged due to political instability and civil wars for power-control arose.

Independence resulted in free trade and access to the international capital market. These would be key factors in advancing Latin America. However, due to lack of experience in the world of trade and weakening of Latin American economic institutions from prolonged wars of independence, its potential growth was hindered. Furthermore, the region lost its main trading partners, former rulers Spain and Portugal, who provided them with much of the export income. The Spanish and Portuguese also directed and protected the economy of Latin America but there was no legitimate character within the continent to replace them. Trade among the newly independent nations decreased as well because of tariffs imposed on each other's imports. The Latin American nations had no choice but to ask for help from foreign nations, specifically Great Britain and the United States, because foreign investment and sale of exports was all the Latin American nations could rely on for national income. The foreign powers gratefully accepted as they wanted to establish Latin America as its new market in order to sell their products. However, the Latin Americans had more to lose than gain from this trade. Despite tariffs imposed on finished products from Great Britain and the United States, these imports were far cheaper than domestic products because the costs of producing domestic finished products were higher as Latin American nations lacked efficiency. Furthermore, the products Latin America exported was mainly raw material and each nation had only one or two types of these to export. What's even more troubling was that the production of these raw materials was also a difficult process due to lack of skills. Silver production decreased by fifty percent in Bolivia and seventy-five percent in Mexico compared to production before independence. Foreign investment was also no help since there was a limit to how much the United States and Great Britain could give to the numerous nations of Latin America.

The political situation in Latin America was far worse than the economic situation. Except for a few nations such as Chile and Uruguay, no nation had had a stable regime. This was mainly because the nations were new ('f 15). They were only beginning to gain their identities as a nation with new names, flags, and national anthems. Furthermore, there was no established border between these countries and there were ongoing battles between nations to gain more land. The political parties of most nations were divided into the conservatives, who wanted preservation of traditional social hierarchies to guarantee national stability, and the liberals, who wanted reform of economy and individual initiative to develop their nation. These parties struggled against each other for power and control in their nation, causing civil wars in some nations. Due to these conflicts, some states such as the Gran Colombia and the Federal Republic of Central America collapsed and divided into several different nations.

Political-military dictators known as caudillos emerged as a result of the economic and political crisis. These caudillos were formerly top class officers of armies that came into existence during independence wars. Evidently, they were deemed heroes by their people due to their feat in gaining independence. However, they wanted compensations for this deed and did not disband their armies in order to influence the course of political development as they were more stable and organized than other institutions. Eventually, leaders of these armies rose to the highest status within their nations. But this turned out to be catastrophic as they did not have enough knowledge about how to run a nation and did not care about the lives of their people. All they wanted was power and wealth. Thanks to these 'great' leaders, the first decades of the newly formed Latin American nations were marred by militarism and the nations experienced great setbacks despite gaining the freedom they yearned for so long. Even today, most of these nations have trouble overcoming the problems that existed for so long. Not a single one of these nations are considered developed and their future still remains cloudy.

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